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Chemistry > Topic 1- Atomic structure > Flashcards

Topic 1- Atomic structure Flashcards

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1
Q

How many elements have scientists discovered?

A

There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered and each one has its own chemical symbol

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2
Q

What is an atom?

A

Atoms are the smallest possible unit of an element.

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3
Q

What is the chemical symbol for cobalt?

A

Co

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4
Q

What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?

A

O

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5
Q

What is the chemical symbol for iron?

A

Fe

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6
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is the product of two or more chemically bonded elements.

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7
Q

How many elements are in a compound?

A

At least two elements.

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8
Q

What are the key features of a chemical reaction?

A
  • Compounds are broken up or formed.
  • At least 1 new substance is created.
  • Measurable energy change.
  • No atoms are created or destroyed.
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9
Q

What does a chemical equation show?

A

A chemical equation shows what happens in a chemical reaction using symbols or words.

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10
Q

What is the word equation for the creation of sodium oxide?

A

Sodium + oxygen → sodium oxide

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11
Q

What is a symbol equation?

A

Symbol equations must be ‘balanced’ (have the same number of atoms of each element on each side of the equation). This is because atoms aren’t created or destroyed during chemical reactions.

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12
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for the creation of sodium oxide?

A

4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

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13
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Mixtures are made of 2+ substances (elements or compounds) that haven’t been combined chemically.

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE…

Mixtures can be separated.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What happens to the chemical properties of a mixture when it has been mixed with another substance?

A

Their chemical properties don’t change because they have been mixed with another substance.

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16
Q

What is a very common mixture that flows around us?

A

The air around us is a mixture of different gases, including oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.

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17
Q

Give three types of separation used.

A

Crystallisation, Chromatography, and filtration

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18
Q

Describe the process of crystallisation and what it results in.

A
  • Crystallisation separates solutions into their different parts: dissolved solids (solutes) and liquids (solvents).
  • Crystallisation is performed by heating the mixture so that the solvent evaporates.
  • Eventually, crystals of the solute (dissolved solids) will form.
  • We can collect the solvent (liquid) by condensing it as it evaporates.
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19
Q

Describe the process of chromatography and what it results in.

A
  • Chromatography separates solutions with a number of different solutes (solids) in the solvent (liquid).
  • Place a drop of the solution to be separated near the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper. Dip the very bottom of the paper into a suitable solvent. The solvent (liquid) moves up the paper and carries the solutes (solids) in the solution with it.
  • Different solutes (solids) move at different speeds, so they separate on the paper.
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20
Q

Describe the process of filtration and what it results in.

A
  • Filtration separates mixtures that contain insoluble (can’t dissolve) solids and liquids (which are soluble).

Filtration is performed by pouring the mixture through filter paper:

  • The insoluble solid is trapped by the filter paper.
  • The liquid runs through the filter paper and is collected below.
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21
Q

How is distillation used?

A

Distillation is a special technique used to separate mixtures of liquids. It uses the different boiling points of liquids to separate them.

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22
Q

How is distillation used?

A

Distillation is a special technique used to separate mixtures of liquids. It uses the different boiling points of liquids to separate them.

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23
Q

How many different types of distillation are there and name them?

A

Fractional distillation and Simple distillation.

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24
Q

How is fractional distillation used?

A

Separates lots of liquids with different boiling points.

The mixture is slowly heated until the liquid with the lowest boiling point boils and then condenses.

Then we increase the temperature slowly to collect (boil then condense) the other fractions.

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25
Q

How is simple distillation used?

A

Separates 2 liquids with different boiling points.

The mixture is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point starts to boil.

The vapour released passes through a condenser, where the gas cools back into a liquid.

Simple distillation can also separate a solute from a solvent when the solvent has a lower boiling point than the solute.

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26
Q

Why is a thermometer used in simple distillation?

A

The thermometer is used to make sure the highest boiling point is not exceeded, otherwise, both liquids would boil and the process would not separate them.

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27
Q

Which technique separates solutions with more than one type of dissolved solid (solute)?

A

Chromatography

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28
Q

Name the main four people involved in the creation and development of the model of the atom.

A

J. J. Thomson
Ernest Rutherford
Niels Bohr
James Chadwick

29
Q

What did J. J. Thomson discover and when?

A

In 1897, an English physicist called J. J. Thomson discovered electrons.

30
Q

What was J. J. Thomson’s model called and what did it consist of?

A

Thomson modelled the atom as a ‘plum pudding’ - a ball of positive charge (dough), with negatively charged electrons (currants in the pudding) mixed in with the ‘dough’.

31
Q

What did Rutherford discover and when?

A

In 1909, Ernest Rutherford discovered that alpha particles could bounce back off atoms.

32
Q

What was Rutherford’s model called and what did it consist of?

A

Rutherford’s ‘nuclear model’.

33
Q

Who came up with the idea of ‘the nucleus’ and how?

A

Rutherford concluded that an atom’s mass is concentrated in the atom’s centre.

This was called the “nucleus” and it contained positively charged particles called protons.

34
Q

Who discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed distances?

A

Niels Bohr

35
Q

Who discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all, and called them neutrons?

A

James Chadwick

36
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

37
Q

How do you find an element’s atomic number?

A

An element’s atomic number is the number of protons it has.

38
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

39
Q

What is the relative charge of an atom?

A

In any atom, the total number of negative electrons equals the number of positive protons, meaning atoms have no overall electric charge.

40
Q

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

41
Q

What is the relative charge of an atom?

A

In an atom, these charges all cancel each other out., meaning that atoms have zero overall charge (are neutral).

42
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of protons and neutrons?

A

1

43
Q

What is the relative atomic mass of electrons?

A

0.0005 (it is so insignificantly small that it is counted as 0)

44
Q

How do you work out the relative mass of an atom?

A

Relative mass = number of protons + number of neutrons

45
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

The radius of atoms is approximately 0.1 nanometres, or 1x10-10 m.

46
Q

What is the size of the nucleus of an atom in comparison to the atom?

A

The nucleus of an atom is 10,000 times smaller than the atom.

47
Q

The top number of the element on the periodic table is what?

A

Mass. number

48
Q

The bottom number of the element on the periodic table is what?

A

Atomic number

49
Q

What does an element’s atomic number tells you?

A

The number of

protons in each atom.

50
Q

What does an element’s mass number tell you?

A

The combined number of protons and neutrons in each atom.

51
Q

What is an isotope?

A

But atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons: these atoms are known as isotopes.

52
Q

How many isotopes does hydrogen have?

A

3

53
Q

What are the 3 isotopes of hydrogen?

A

Protium
Deuterium
Tritium

54
Q

Every atom of the same _______ will contain an identical number of _______

A

element

protons

55
Q

How do you calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element?

A

Isotope abundance

56
Q

Describe the order of energy levels of electron shells in an atom.

A

The closer a shell is to the nucleus, the lower its energy level, so the first shell that is filled is the closest to the nucleus.

57
Q

What does the electron configuration tell us?

A

Electron configuration tells us how an atom’s electrons are organised.

58
Q

How many electrons can fit at a maximum on the first inner shell (closest to the nucleus)?

A

The inner shell (closest to the nucleus) can have a maximum of 2 electrons

59
Q

How many electrons can fit at a maximum on the next two shells?

A

The next two shells can have a maximum of 8 electrons.

60
Q

How is protium used?

A

Protium is used in hydrogen fuel cells and in the production of plastics.

61
Q

What percentage of hydrogen atoms are protium?

A

99.98% of all hydrogen atoms are protium.

62
Q

How many protons and neutrons does protium have?

A

Protium has 1 proton and 0 neutrons.

63
Q

How is deuterium used?

A

Around 0.02% of hydrogen atoms are deuterium.

64
Q

What percentage of hydrogen atoms are deuterium?

A

Deuterium is used in nuclear fusion.

65
Q

How many protons and neutrons does deuterium have?

A

Protium has 1 proton and 1 neutron.

66
Q

How is tritium used?

A

Tritium is used in thermonuclear fusion weapons.

67
Q

How many protons and neutrons does tritium have?

A

Protium has 1 proton and 2 neutrons.

68
Q

How do you work out the RAM (Relative atomic mass) of chlorine in a calculation format?

A

Chlorine can exist as 2 isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl.

  • 75% of chlorine is 35Cl
  • 25% of chlorine is 37Cl

You can work out that the relative atomic mass (Ar) of chlorine is 35.5 using this information.

Ar = (0.75 x 35) + (0.25 x 37) = 35.5

Chemistry (4 decks)

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