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Geog 376 Topic 1 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

active tectonics

A

ongoing deformation of earth’s crust

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2
Q

passive tectonics

A

indirect influence on processes and forms through spatial distribution of lithology and structure

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3
Q

does lithology and structure play an important role in active tectonics?

A

no

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4
Q

magnitude of isostatic compensation of erosion and the spatial scale is related to ___ of the crust

A

flexural rigidity

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5
Q

Secondary uplift through flexure

A

load is added at a distance away, resulting in lowering of the crust underneath the load and elevation of the crust

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6
Q

what do climate cycles do across the globe?

A

they distribute climate systems

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7
Q

attributes of a climate system are

A

precipitation, temperature, wind speed and relative humidity (RH)

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8
Q

glacial geomorphology

A

glacial moraines, trimlines, polished surfaces, forebuldges and isostatic response.

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9
Q

coastal geomorphology

A

sea level RISE: marine terraces

sea level FALL: barrier islands

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10
Q

fluvial geomorphology

A

fluvial terraces, river knickpoints

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11
Q

how does a river respond to a lowering sea level?

A

by incising. incision propagates upstream; causing a narrowing of the river valley and formation of terraces

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12
Q

plate tectonics

A

controls distribution of landmasses and ocean circulation through opening and closing of passages

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13
Q

ice sheets and glaciers

A

increases albedo

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14
Q

mountain topography

A

windward side: precipitation, increased runoff, increased mass wasting and lower snow line
leeward side: decreased runoff, rain shadow

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15
Q

volcanic eruptions

A

brings matter, aerosols, CO2 into the atmosphere. Increasing cloud coverage and decreases solar radiation coming in.

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16
Q

weathering

A

removal of carbon from the atmosphere, soluble cations and bicarbonate carried into rivers and calcium carbonate formation in the ocean.

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17
Q

weathering

A

physical and chemical break down of materials

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18
Q

importance of weathering is due to the production of ____, ____ and ____

A

sediment, by products and soils

19
Q

what makes weathering a disequilibrium response?

A

conditions at the surface are very different from those during rock formation

20
Q

what are 6 types of physical weathering?

A

pressure release, freeze thaw, thermal expansion, salt crystal growth, biotic, hydration

21
Q

what are 4 types of chemical weathering?

A

solution, oxidation, hydrolysis, ion exchange

22
Q

physical weathering is

A

the break down of materials into smaller pieces, allowing more surface area for weathering. No chemical composition change.

23
Q

chemical weathering is

A

decomposition of minerals through chemical alteration.

24
Q

driving forces of physical weathering

A

water and temperature. (climate controlled)

25
Q

resisting forces of physical weathering

A

lithology and structure. (rock controlled)

26
Q

driving forces of chemical weathering

A

water and temperature

27
Q

resisting forces of chemical weathering

A

silicates (look at bowens reaction series)

28
Q

chemical weathering is strongest with

A

high precipitation and temperature

29
Q

physical weathering is strongest with

A

low precipitation and moderate temperature

30
Q

soil mantled landscapes form when

A

rate of soil production > erosion rate

31
Q

bedrock landscapes form when

A

rate of soil production < erosion rate

32
Q

mass movements

A

form of dominant transport for how weathered materials make it way down to the valley floor

33
Q

shear strength

A

magnitude of shear stress that a soil can sustain or overall resistance to movement/deformation.

34
Q

what happens when water fills the pore spaces?

A

normal stress decreases

35
Q

factor of safety

A

stability of a slope and is the ratio between the forces resisting movement to those drivers

36
Q

what are 3 types of stresses?

A

tensile, compressive and shearing

37
Q

what are 3 common types of strain-stress responses?

A

elastic, plastic and viscous fluid

38
Q

dilatant

A

viscosity increases with shear stress

39
Q

pseudoplastic

A

flows as grains re-arrange and pore water escapes

40
Q

liquefaction

A

loss of soil strength under shock and leads to fluid behaviour

41
Q

toppling

A

brittle failure or plastic rotational stability depends on aspect ratio

42
Q

slides

A

failure on distinct shear surfaces with little internal deformation

43
Q

spreads

A

more cohesive material sinks into deformable layers underneath

44
Q

creep

A

upward heave with downslope displacement

Geog 376 Topic 1 (2 decks)

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