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A-Level P.E > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulating shoulder bones

A

Scapula, Humerus

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2
Q

Articulating elbow bones

A

Humerus, Radius, Ulna

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3
Q

Articulating wrist bones

A

Radius, Ulna, Carpals

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4
Q

Articulating hip bones

A

Pelvis, Femur

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5
Q

Articulating knee bones

A

Femur, Tibia

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6
Q

Articulating ankle bones

A

Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals

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7
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

A ball shaped head of one bone articulate with a cup like socket of another
Movement occurs on three planes
Allows greatest range of movements
E.g - Shoulder, Hip

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8
Q

Hinge joint

A

Movement occurs on one plane (sagittal)
Bending and straightening only
E.g - Elbow, Knee, Ankle

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9
Q

Define fixator

A

A muscle which stabilises the origin of the agonist so the agonist can pull against the bone

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10
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A motor unit is made up of a motor neurone (nerve) and the muscle fibres it activates

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11
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

A nerve cell that conducts the nerve impulse

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12
Q

What is the action potential

A

A positive electric charge that stimulates muscle fibres

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13
Q

What is the synaptic cleft

A

The gap between the motor end plate and the muscle fibres

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14
Q

What is the neurotransmitter and what is it’s role

A

Acetylcholine - chemical to transmit across the synaptic cleft

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15
Q

Describe resting potential

A

When the neurone is not conducting an impulse

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16
Q

Describe Repolarisation

A

When sodium ions stop entering the neurone, and also potassium Ions (K+) diffuse into the neurone

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17
Q

Describe depolarisation

A

When sufficient Sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the neurone so the charge within the neurone changes which generates the action potential

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18
Q

Explain the stages of the nervous stimulation of the motor unit

A

1 - A stimuli is received from the CNS by the dendrites
2 - A positive electrical charge inside the neurone conducts the impulse down the neurone
3 - The impulse is passed down the axon from one node of Ranvier to the next
4 - This is know as saltatory conduction
5 - The action potential reaches the synaptic cleft
6 - Acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft
7 - Conducting the impulse across the gap
8 - If the electrical charge is above the threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
9 - This happens in an all or none fashion

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19
Q

Describe the stages of electrical conduction

A

1 - The SA node indicates the impulse
2 - The impulse spreads along the atria causing atrioventricular systole
3 - The impulse is picked up by the AV node
4 - Impulse then travels down the bundle of His
5 - Then along the purkinje fibres causing ventricular systole

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiac control

A

Neural control

Normal - adrenaline

Intrinsic control - Temperature etc

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21
Q

What are the 3 receptors in the CCC

A

Baro receptors - detect increase in blood pressure

Proprio receptors - detect increase in movement

Chemo receptors - detect increase in CO2, decrease in pH, decrease in O2

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22
Q

Define heart rate (HR)

A

Beats per minute

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23
Q

Define stroke volume (SV)

A

Amount of blood ejected per beat

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24
Q

Define cardiac output (Q)

A

Amount of blood ejected per minute

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25
Q

What is the equation for cardiac outpu

A

HEART RATE X STROKE VOLUME = CARDIAC OUTPUT

26
Q

Heart rate values

A

Resting value - 72
Trained athlete - 60

Maximum value - 220 minus age

27
Q

Stroke volume values

A

Resting value - 70ml
Trained athlete - 83ml

Maximum value - 100ml
Trained athlete - 200ml

28
Q

Cardiac output values

A

Resting value - 5L
Trained athlete - 5L

Maximum value - 20L/min
Trained athlete - 40L/min

29
Q

What 2 factors affect SV

A

Venous Return

Starling’s Law

30
Q

What is Starling’s law

A

As venous return increases, end diastolic volume(EDV) increases therefore the cardiac muscle is stretched and contract with greater force - like an elastic band

31
Q

What is Venous Return

A

If VR increases, SV increases

Blood returning to the heart increases (specifically via the vena cava)

32
Q

What are the mechanisms of Venous Return

A

Pocket valves in veins

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

Gravity

33
Q

Arteries

A
  • Away from the heart
  • Muscular wall
  • Elastic
  • Small Lumen
34
Q

Capillaries

A
  • One cell thick

- Where gaseous exchange takes place

35
Q

Veins

A
  • Return to the heart
  • Large lumen
  • Pocket valves
36
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of blood flow, during exercise and recovery

During rest (5L) - 20% of blood flow goes to the muscles, 80% of blood flow goes to the organs

During exercise (30L) - 80% of blood flow goes to the muscles, 20% of blood flow goes to the organs

37
Q

What is responsible for vascular shunt

A

Vasomotor control centre

Receptors send information to the VCC which send an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the arteries and pre capillary sphincters to vasodilator or vasoconstrict to control blood flow

38
Q

Where are the pre capillary sphincters

A

At each end of the muscles

39
Q

Describe the pathway of air

A

nasal cavity - oral pharynx + larynx - trachea - primary bronchi -
bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles - alveolar duct - alveoli -
pulmonary capillary - red blood cells

40
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The normal amount of air you breathe in and out during inhalation and exhalation

41
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

The addition air you can breathe in after a normal inhalation

42
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

The additional air you can breathe out after a normal exhalation

43
Q

Define residual volume

A

The amount of air that always stays in your lungs to keep them from collapsing - about 1.2L

44
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation

45
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation

A

TIDAL VOLUME X FREQUENCY OF BREATHES = MINUTE VENTILATION

46
Q

Inspiration at rest

A

The external inter-costal muscles contract
Causing the ribs to move up and out
The diaphragm contracts and flattens
This increases lung volume (thoracic capacity)
Thus causes the pressure in the lungs to decrease
Creating a pressure gradient
So air rushes into the lungs

47
Q

Expiration at rest

A 
Internal inter-costal muscles relax 
Causing the ribs to move down and in
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up (dome shaped)
This causes lung volume to decrease
So pressure in the lungs increase
Causing air to move out of the lungs
48
Q

Inspiration during exercise

A

External inter-costals contract with GREATER force
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major also contract
This causes the ribs to move out FURTHER
Diaphragm contracts with GREATER force and pulls down FURTHER
Causing a GREATER lung volume with LOWER pressure
This creates a LARGER pressure gradient so MORE air moves in quicker

49
Q

Expiration during exercise

Only active process

A

Internal inter-costals contract with GREATER force
Pushing the ribs down and in FURTHER
Abdominals contract pushing the diaphragm up FURTHER
This makes lung volume SMALLER making the pressure HIGHER
Creating a LARGER pressure gradient
So MORE air moves out quicker

50
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate -
It’s the only energy our muscles can use
Lasts only 2 seconds so must be resynthesised
This is done by the 3 energy systems

51
Q

The PC system

A 
Type of reaction - Anaerobic 
Time - 10 seconds 
Fuelled by - Phosphocreatine 
Site of reaction - Sarcoplasm
Enzyme - Creatine kinase
Yield - 1:1
By products - none 
Activity - 100m sprint
52
Q

Stage of the pc system

A

PC is broken down by creatine kinase to form creatine, phosphorus and ENERGY

53
Q

Advantages of the PC system

A
  • Quick and fast
  • PC is readily available
  • Good for high intensity
54
Q

Disadvantages of the PC system

A
  • Produces a low yield
  • Runs out very quickly
  • Low duration
55
Q

Glycolytic (Lactic acid) system

A 
Type of reaction - Anaerobic 
Time - 10s to 3 minutes (peaks at 1 minute)
Fuelled by - Glycogen 
Site of reaction - Sarcoplasm
Enzyme - GPP, PFK, LDH
Yield - 2 ATP
By products - Lactic acid
Activity - 400m
56
Q

Stages of the glycolytic system

A

Glycogen is broken down by GPP to glucose
Glucose is broken down by PFK to pyruvic acid
Pyruvic avid is broken down by LDH to lactic acid

(PFK DOESN’T WORK IN ACIDIC CONDITIONS SO THE REACTION STOPS ITSELF)

57
Q

Advantages of the glycolytic system

A
  • Quick energy release (not as quick as PC)

- Glycogen is readily available

58
Q

Disadvantages of the glycolytic system

A
  • It’s time limited (10s - 3 min)

- Acidity from LA stops system from working

59
Q

The aerobic system

A 
Type of reaction - Aerobic
Time - 3 minutes+
Fuelled by - Carbohydrates and fats
Site of reaction - Sarcoplasm and mitochondria 
Enzyme - GPP, PFK
Yield - 38 ATP (carbs) 131 (fats - less complex, quicker to break down)
By products - CO2, water
Activity - Marathon runner
60
Q

Stages of the aerobic system

A

Glycolysis produce 2 ATP in the sarcoplasm
I
V
Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP in the mitochondria
I
V
Electron transport system produces 34 ATP in the mitochondria

A-Level P.E (4 decks)

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