Topic 1

Question 1

Gerund

Answer 1

A verbal; the -ing form of the verb used as a noun.

Ex. I love dancing

Question 2

Infinitive

Answer 2

A verbal; “to” plus the base form of the verb.

Ex. I love to dance

Question 3

Participle

Answer 3

A verbal; the -ing or -ed form of a verb used as an adjective.
Ex. I love dancing bears

Question 4

Verbals

Answer 4

Words formed from verbs that often express action; these include gerunds, infinitives, and participles

Question 5

Helping Verbs

Answer 5

These common verbs can either stand alone or help other verbs:
- Be (am, are, was, were, being, been)
- Have (has, having, had)
- Do (Does, did)
Ex. I was angry.
Ex. I was growing angry.

Question 6

Indefinite Pronouns

Answer 6

A word that refers to people and things that are not named or specific. Many (such as nobody, nothing) take a singular verb. Others (both, few) take plural verbs

Question 7

Pronoun Agreement

Answer 7

Correspondence in number between the pronoun and the noun it replaces.
Ex. Sudents enrolled in the art class must prove that they can paint.

Question 8

Pronoun Reference

Answer 8

The relationship between the pronoun and the noun in the sentence to which it refers
Ex. (Incorrect) Lucy was annoyed when they ticketed her for speeding.
Ex. (Correct) Lucy was annoyed when the police officers ticketed her for speeding.

Question 9

“His or hers” vs “their”

Answer 9

• “Their” is not currently accepted as a grammatically correct word choice
  Ex. Everybody in the club must pay their fees.
• Use “his or hers”
  Ex. Everybody in the club must pay his or hers fees.
  Or… Rewrite in the plural
  Ex. Club members must pay their fees.

Question 10

Subject Pronouns

Answer 10

Pronouns that function as the subject of verbs

Ex. He is wearing an artificial arm.

Question 11

Object Pronouns

Answer 11

Pronouns that function as the objects of verbs or prepositions
Ex. Tony helped me.

Question 12

Possessive Pronouns

Answer 12

Pronouns that show ownership or possession

Ex. The keys are mine.

Question 13

Demonstrative Pronouns

Answer 13

Pronouns that point to or single out a person or thing

Only include “this”, “that”, “these”, and “those”

Question 14

Subject Pronoun Rule 1

Answer 14

Use a subject pronoun when you have a compound subject (more than one subject)
Ex. (Incorrect) My brother and me are friends.
Ex. (Correct) My brother and I are friends.

Question 15

Subject Pronoun Rule 2

Answer 15

Use a subject pronoun after forms of the verb “be”

Ex. It is he.

Question 16

Subject Pronouns Rule 3

Answer 16

Use subject pronouns after “than” or “as”
Ex. You play better than I (play).
Avoid mistakes by mentally adding the missing verb at the end of the sentence

Question 17

Well vs Good

Answer 17

Good is an adjective; it describes nouns.
Well is usually an adverb; it describes verbs.
Well is used instead of good as an adjective when describing health.

Question 18

Dependent-Word Fragment

Answer 18

Fragments that begin with a dependent word.

Ex. After, before, as, even if, when, who, whenever, since, how. (Etc.)

Question 19

Fixing Dependent-Word Fragments

Answer 19

1. Add a sentence after the fragment and add a comma.
   Ex. After I cashed my paycheck, I treated myself to dinner.
2. Attatch a sentence before the dependent word and leave out a comma.
   Ex. I won’t leave the house until I hear from you.

Question 20

-ing and “to” Fragments

Answer 20

When an -ing word and “to” appears at or near the start, it will often be a fragment.
Ex. Ellen walked all over town. Trying to find her dog, Bo.
How to fix:
Ellen walked all over town trying to find her dog, Bo.

Question 21

Added-Detail Fragments

Answer 21

Added-detail fragments lack a subject and a verb
Often begin with:
Also, like, especially, including, except, such as, for example.
Ex. Before a race, I eat starchy foods. Like baked potatoes.

Question 22

Missing-Subject Fragments

Answer 22

Missing-subject fragments are dependent word groups that lack a subject
Ex. Kendall is allergic to dairy. She goes into anaphylactic shock. And loses her ability to breathe.

Question 23

Dependent/Subordinate Clause

Answer 23

A group of words having a subject and a verb that does not express a complete thought and is not able to stand alone

Question 24

Independent Clause

Answer 24

A group of words having a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought and is able to stand alone

Question 25

Transitional Words

Answer 25

However, therefore, instead, also, otherwise, meanwhile, thus, moreover (etc.)