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BIOLOGY FLASH CARDS GEN > TOPIC 1 > Flashcards

TOPIC 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe main points of an electron microscope

A

-Were invented in the 1930’s -Used electrons rather than light -Had higher Magnification and Resolution -Can see smaller details and sub cellular structures

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2
Q

What is meant by a microscope’s resolution?

A

How well a microscope can distinguish between TWO POINTS that are CLOSE together.

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3
Q

Why can you see some cell structures with an electron microscope but not with a light microscope?

A

Because electron microscopes have higher MAGNIFICATION and RESOLUTION and you can see much smaller details (like cell structure) than with a light microscope

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4
Q

What is the formula for TOTAL MAGNIFICATION?

A

Eyepiece lens magnification X Objective lens magnification

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5
Q

What would be the total magnification where you had an eyepiece magnification of x10 and a OBJECTIVE LENS MAGNIFICATION of x40?

A

ANSWER : 400 (10 x 40)

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6
Q

Name the two types of cell

A
  1. Eukaryotic (Animal and Plant complex) 2. Prokayotic (simple cells - single-celled organisms like bacteria)
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7
Q

Which cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells?

A

EUKARYOTIC

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8
Q

Identify the parts of an animal cell

A
  1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Cell Membrane 4. Mitochondria 5. Ribosomes
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9
Q

Describe a CELL NUCLEUS

A

Contains Genetic material arranged in chromosomes

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10
Q

DESCRIBE A CYTOPLASM

A

A CYTOPLASM is: a gel-like substance where most CHEMICAL REACTIONS take place. It also contains ENZYMES

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11
Q

DESCRIBE CELL MEMBRANE

A

CELL MEMBRANE holds the cell together and controls what goes IN and OUT

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12
Q

DESCRIBE MITOCHONDRIA

A

MITOCHONDRIA is where most of the reaction for respiration (transfer of energy) takes place

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13
Q

DESCRIBE RIBOSOMES

A

RIBOSOMES translate the genetic material in the SYNTHESIS of PROTEINS

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14
Q

In addition to all the parts of an animal cell - which ADDITIONAL parts make up a PLANT CELL ?

A

Plants ALSO Have : Rigid Cell Wall Large Vacuole Chloroplasts

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15
Q

Describe the LARGE VACUOLE in a PLANT CELL

A

Large vacuole contains CELL SAP ( solution of sugar and salt) and maintains INTERNAL PRESSURE to support cell

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16
Q

Where in the plant does PHOTOSYNTHESIS occur?

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs inside the CHLOROPLASTS

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17
Q

Name the green substance in CHLOROPLASTS

A

CHLOROPHYLL

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18
Q

Describe BACTERIAL CELLS

A

BACTERIAL CELLS: have NO NUCLEUS are PROKARYOTE cells (Single-celled organisms)

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19
Q

What subcellular structures do BACTERIAL CELLS have?

A

Bacterial Cells have: Chromosomal DNA Ribosomes Cell Membrane Plasmid DNA Flagellum

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20
Q

Why are bacterial cells classified as PROKARYOTIC cells?

A

Because they are single-celled organisms (no Nucleus)

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21
Q

Describe a SPECIALISED cell

A

SPECIALISED cells: Have a structure that makes them adapted to their function

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22
Q

Name the 3 types of SPECIALISED cell

A
  1. Egg Cells 2. Sperm cells 3. Ciliated epithelial cells
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23
Q

Describe how a SPERM cell is adapted to its function of transporting male DNA to a female egg

A

Sperm cells have: 1. Long tail ( to swim to egg) 2. Lots of MITROCHONDRIA in middle - to give energy (respiration) to swim well 3. An ACROSOME at front of head to store enzymes to digest through membrane of egg cell. 4. Haploid Nucleus

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24
Q

What are the main functions of an egg cell?

A

Egg cells: - Carry female DNA - Nourish the developing embryo in the early stages

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25
Q

Describe how egg cells are adapted to their function

A

Egg cells; - Contain nutrients in the CYTOPLASM to feed embryo - has a HAPLOID NUCLEUS - its membrane changes after fertilisation to STOP more sperm getting in (so that it gets correct amount of DNA)

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26
Q

Where would you find Ciliated Epthelial Cells in our body?

A

We find ciliated epithelial tissue in our respiratory tract and in the fallopian tubes of women. They are specialised cells for moving materials

27
Q

How are Ciliated Epthelial Cells adapted to their function?

A

Ciliated Epthelial Cells : - Line the surfaces of organs: - Some have CILIA on top of the cell The cilia move substances by beating them in one direction along the surface of the tissue (e.g lnings of airways move mucus up to the throat to be swallowed - NOT down into lungs)

28
Q

What is the difference between chemical reactions and enzymes?

A

Chemical reactions make YOU work Enzymes make the chemical reactions work

29
Q

Describe enzymes

A

Enzymes : - Living things produce enzymes which act as BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS - Enzymes reduce the need for high temperatures and so we only have enzymes to SPEED UP chemical reactions in the body.

30
Q

Describe a chemical reaction in the body

A

A chemical reaction is usually when things are either: - split apart or - joined together

31
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is the molecule changed in a chemical reaction

32
Q

Describe the ACTIVE SITE in an enzyme

A

the active site is ; the part (of an enzyme) where it joins onto its substrate to CATALYSE the reaction.

33
Q

How/what causes enzymes to be denatured?

A

Denature: - When PH level is too high or too low or - When temperature is too high These conditions cause the active site to change shape and therefore denatures the enzyme

34
Q

Describe the Lock and Key mechanism for enzymes

A

For the enzyme to work the SUBSTRATE has to fit into the ACTIVE SITE (Like a lock and key) if it does not fit into the active site the reaction will NOT be catalysed((will be denatured)

35
Q

Explain why enzymes have an optimum PH

A

If PH is too high or too low it interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together - - this changes the SHAPE of the ACTIVE SITE - and DENATURES the enzyme

36
Q

Which 3 specific conditions will affect the rate of ENZYME-CATALYSED reactions?

A
  1. temperature 2. PH level 3. Substrate concentration
37
Q

How does temperature affect ENZYME ACTIVITY?

A
  1. A Higher temperature will INITIALLY increase the rate of reaction 2. BUT - if too hot - some bonds holding the enzyme will break and change the SHAPE of the ACTIVE SITE and it will be denatured.
38
Q

How does SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION affect enzyme activity?

A
  1. the HIGHER the substrate concentration - the FASTER the reaction (because it’s more likely that the enzyme will meet up and REACT with the substrate molecule)
39
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts CARBOHYDRATES into SIMPLE SUGARS ?

A

CARBOHYDRASE

40
Q

Give an example of a CARBOHYDRASE (an enzyme that converts carbohydrates into simple sugars)

A

an AMYLASE breaks down starch

41
Q

What do PROTEASE enzymes do?

A

Protease enzymes convert proteins into AMINO ACIDS

42
Q

Describe the function of LIPASES

A

Lipases: Convert LIPIDS into - - Glycerol and - Fatty Acids

43
Q

Give an example of where in the body we will find enzymes (and what their functions are)

A

Digestive enzymes are found in our digestive system. They break down food molecules into smaller, soluble enzymes that can then pass through the walls of the gut and be absorbed into the bloodstream and then pass into cells to be used by the body.

44
Q

How would you test for STARCH in food?

A

To test for starch- Add IODINE solution to the test sample: - If there IS STARCH present - sample changes from brown/orange to BLUE/BLACK - if NO STARCH - colour stays brown/orange

45
Q

which CHEMICAL would you use to test for SUGARS?

A

Use BENEDICT’s REAGENT (which is blue) to test for sugars. - the more sugar present the more the colour changes from BLUE - GREEN - YELLOW - ORANGE - BRICK RED

46
Q

Name a chemical you can use to test for LIPIDS (also called an EMULSION TEST)

A

Test lipids with ETHANOL the more lipid present the milkier the colour becomes (like emulsion paint)

47
Q

What’s the name of the test to check for the presence of PROTEINS?

A

Proteins are tested for with the BIURET test

48
Q

Which 2 chemicals would you use in a BIURET TEST to check for proteins?

A
  1. Potassium Hydroxide and 2. Copper (II) sulfate (which is bright blue) If protein present it turns PURPLE If no protein it remains blue.
49
Q

What is the formula to calculate the RATE OF REACTION?

A

RATE OF REACTION is RATE = 1000/ time

50
Q

How are protein enzymes made?

A

Proteins are made by joining AMINO ACIDS together Enzymes then catalyse the reactions to do this

51
Q

Name an enzyme that joins together lots of GLUCOSE molecules to make GLYCOGEN

A

GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE

52
Q

How do you synthesise Carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates can be synthesised by joining together SIMPLE SUGARS

53
Q

What is the name given to measure the energy in food?

A

CALORIMETRY

54
Q

Name 3 ways substances can move in and out of cells (transport)

A
  1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Active transport
55
Q

Describe DIFFUSION

A

Diffusion is: - the overall (net) movement of Particles FROM and area of HIGHER CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION

56
Q

Name 4 very small molecules that can diffuse through cell membranes

A
  1. Oxygen 2. glucose 3. Amino acids 4. Water
57
Q

Why can’t starch and protein molecules diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Because the molecules are too big to pass through the cell membrane.

58
Q

Describe OSMOSIS

A

OSMOSIS : - the overall (net) movement of WATER MOLECULES across a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE from higher water concentration areas to lower water concentration areas

59
Q

In osmosis - Why can’t sucrose pass through a partially permeable membrane?

A

Partially permeable membranes has very small holes in it so bigger molecules (like sucrose) can’t pass through it.

60
Q

Describe ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

Active transport is: the movement of particles AGAINST a concentration gradient using ENERGY transferred using RESPIRATION

61
Q

For ACTIVE TRANSPORT - what is a concentration gradient?

A

Concentration gradient is transport from an area of lower to higher concentration

62
Q

Give an example of Active Transport in the human body

A

an example of Active Transport is: The DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - when there is a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood - the nutrients DIFFUSE into the blood. - This also allows nutrients to be taken INTO the blood to stop us from starving.

63
Q

Give 2 differences between the processes of DIFFUSION and ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  1. Active Transport uses ENERGY but Diffusion is PASSIVE. 2. Active transport MOVES substances AGAINST concentration gradients but Diffusion is the movement of substances DOWN a concentration gradient.
64
Q

What is meant by higher resolution?

A

An image that can be seen more clearly and in greater detail.

BIOLOGY FLASH CARDS GEN (1 decks)

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