TOPIC 1

Question 1

What is an internal factor in relation to education?

Answer 1

Factors within schools and the education system, such as interactions between pupils and teachers, and inequality between schools

Question 2

What is an external factor in relation to education?

Answer 2

Factors outside the education system, such as the influence of home and family background, and wider society

Question 3

What is the theory of cultural deprivation?

Answer 3

Working class families fail to adequately socialise their children. They therefore lack the basic values, attitudes, and skills (cultural equipment) that are needed for educational success and are ‘culturally deprived’

Question 4

What is Bereiter & Englemann’s (1966) view on language in the working class?

Answer 4

Working class language is deficient, communication involves gestures, single worlds or disjointed phrases. Therefore grow up incapable of complex and abstract thoughts, so can not take advantage of what the school offers

Question 5

What are the two types of language Bernstein (1975) sees?

Answer 5

Restricted Code - Used by the working class, limited vocabulary, short sentences with gestures, descriptive not analytic
Elaborated Code - Used by the middle class, longer and more complex sentences, speech is more varied and analytic

Question 6

Evaluation of Bernstein’s (1975) view on language

Answer 6

• Secondary socialisation can teach elaborated code
• Reductionist view (reduces the big idea too small)
• Not representative, as he only used two boys

Question 7

What does Douglas (1964) say about parents and education?

Answer 7

Working class parents are less likely to support their child’s intellectual development through reading to them

Question 8

What does Bernstein & Young (1967) say about parents and education?

Answer 8

Middle class mothers are more likely to choose toys that encourage thinking and reasoning skills and prepare children for school

Question 9

What is Operation Head Start?

Answer 9

Multi-billion dollar scheme of pre-school education for poorer areas. Includes parenting skills, setting up nursery classes, and home visits by educational psychologists

Question 10

What is Sure Start?

Answer 10

Part of labours government, aimed to tackle poverty and social exclusion, and to work with parents to promote physical, intellectual and social developments of babies and young children

Question 11

What are Education Priority Areas?

Answer 11

An area where education needs to be boosted, giving them extra funding to improve the area educationally

Question 12

What is a subculture?

Answer 12

Group whose attitudes and values who differ from those of main stream culture

Question 13

What is Sugarman’s (1970) view on fatalism?

Answer 13

A belief of fate in the working class subculture. Nothing you can do about your fate, contrasting the middle class who believe you can change your fate

Question 14

What is Sugarman’s (1970) view on Collectivism?

Answer 14

Working class value being in a group, and will stay there. Middle class believe in individualism, and should not be held back by a group

Question 15

What is Sugarman’s (1970) view on Immediate Gratification?

Answer 15

Seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for rewards in the future

Question 16

What is Sugarman’s (1970) view on Deferred Gratification?

Answer 16

Making sacrifices now for greater rewards in the future

Question 17

What is Sugarman’s (1970) view on Present-Time Gratification?

Answer 17

Not having long term goals, just seeing things in present time. Contradicts the middle class ideology

Question 18

What does Keddie (1973) say about cultural deprivation?

Answer 18

Working class children are not deprived, just culturally different, and fail as they are put at a disadvantage by the education system

Question 19

What does Troyna & Williams (1986) say about cultural deprivation?

Answer 19

Problem not the child’s language, but the stigma towards it. Teachers argued to have a ‘speech hierarchy’

Question 20

What does Blackstone & Mortimore (1994) say about cultural deprivation?

Answer 20

Working class parents attend fewer parents evenings as they don’t have enough time (because of jobs, etc), and putt off by middle-class atmosphere

Question 21

What does Flaherty (2004) say about material deprivation?

Answer 21

Money problems in the family are a significant factor in a children’s non-attendance at school

Question 22

What does Howard (2001) say about Diet and Health?

Answer 22

Poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Leads to a poorer immune system so get sick. Children from poorer families are also more likely to develop emotional and behavioural problems

Question 23

What does Wilkinson (1996) say about Diet and Health?

Answer 23

Study on 10 year olds found the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct disorder

Question 24

What does Tanner (2003) say about School Finances?

Answer 24

Costs of items such as books, transport, equipment, etc, put a big strain on family finances. Having unfashionable equipment can lead to stigmatism and bullying

Question 25

What are the 3 types of capital according to Bourdieu (1984)?

Answer 25

• Cultural
• Educational
• Economic

Question 26

What is educational and economic capital?

Answer 26

Middle class children are better equipped to meet the demands of school, and wealthier parents can put more of their economic capital into educational capital compared to the working class

Question 27

What does Leech & Campos (2003) say about educational and economic capital?

Answer 27

Middle class parents are more likely to be able to afford to buy a house in a school catchment area which is highly placed in the league tables