Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P 1 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

HYDROXYL

- OH

A

Readily form hydrogen bonds
Polar, water soluble
Found in alcohols and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q 
CARBONYL
 \ /
 C
 II
 O
A

Carbon-oxygen double bond
Contribute to making molecules water soluble
Polar, water soluble
Lipids
All carbohydrate molecules have one carbonyl group in addition to hydroxyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
CARBOXYL 
     O
    //
- C 
    \\
     OH
A

Weak organic acid
Consists of a carbon atom dble bonded to an oxygen molecule and sgle bonded to a different oxygen molecule
2nd oxygen also bonded to a hydrogen molecule
Polar, water soluble (hydrphilic), acidic
Common in many biological molecules, incl.amino acids and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
AMINO ACIDS
      H
     /
- N
     \
      H
A 
Nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen 
Hydrophilic
Building blocks of protein
One of the most important classes of molecules found in living things
Slightly polar, weak base, water soluble
Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SULPHYDRYL

- S - H

A

Aka a thiol group
Sulphur bonded to hydrogen
Forms disulphide bridges, stabilises protein structure
Mainly found in proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q 
PHOSPHATE
     O
      I
O - P - O
      I
     O
A

Phosphorus bonded to 4 oxygen molecules
Found in DNA and RNA and in certain lipids
Involved in the biological storage and release of energy
Oxygen makes it polar and hydrophilic
Very polar, very water soluble
*Phosphates important - involved in signalling pathways, initiate reactions by binding to other molecules, key component in cellular wall formation
ATP, ADP, AMP - all amino phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four classes of important organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates (1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen)
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

These are the three major carbohydrate groups.
Monosaccharides - simple sugars composed of a single unit (eg. glucose)
Disaccharides - formed by covalent bonds of two monosaccharides (eg. sucrose)
Polysaccharides - covalent bonding of several monosaccharides (eg. glycogen - polymer chain of glucose sub-units)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Specific groups of atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reaction of those molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the six important functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino acid
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the basic functioning unit of the body?

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the four primary biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is an atom most stable?

A

When orbits occupied by electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Tendency to fill outermost shell with 8 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes an element chemically reactive?

A

Partially filled outer shells - can then form chemical bonds with other atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

An attractive force between atoms

17
Q

Briefly describe the covalent bond

A

Two atoms share an electron
Non-polar = share equally
Polar = share unequally
To do with electronegativity (degree to which atom attracts electrons)

18
Q

What makes carbon so versatile?

A

Contains 4 electrons in its outer shell so can potentially form covalent bonds with 4 molecules at a time

19
Q

How is a polar bond formed?

A

The different electronegativity of atoms means that electron is more attracted to one than the other and it is shared unequally

20
Q

Explain a non-polar bond

A

Atoms share electrons equally

21
Q

What happens to the electrons when they are shared by oxygen and hydrogen?

A

Electrons are drawn closer to the oxygen atom because it has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen. Polar covalent bond is formed. Oxygen becomes slightly more negatively charged. Hydrogen becomes slightly more positively charged.

22
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A bond formed due to attraction between a positively charged hydrogen atom and a negatively charged oxygen atom

23
Q

Explain how ionic bonds are formed

A

Electronegativity of an atom is so strong that it takes an electron rather than sharing it

24
Q

How do cations differ from anions?

A

Cations are positive ions and anions are negative ions

*Ions are atoms which have lost acquired electrons
*Ions are atoms that have a positive or negative charge because the no. of electrons is not equal to the number of protons
Proton = +ve
Electron = -ve

25
Q

What type of bond is hydrophilic and what type is hydrophobic?

A

Polar covalent bond is hydrophilic
Non-polar covalent bonds are hydrophobic
This is because polar molecules are electrically attracted to water molecules

26
Q

What are the CHNOPS elements?

6 most common elements found in biomolecules (more than 25 overall)

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phospherus
Sulphur
27
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Simplest of the fats
Chain of carbon atoms (mostly 16 or 18) at its core, carboxyl acid (COOH) alpha end
Can be saturated or unsaturated depending on dble bonds

28
Q

Distinguish between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated - carbons linked in chain by single bonds, the two open bond sites become occupied by hydrogen atoms, when all bonding sites filled by hydrogen atoms it becomes ‘saturated’ (eg. animal fats - solid at room temp.)
Unsaturated - have some dble bonds between carbons causing bends or kinks, therefore cannot bond to as many hydrogen molecules and are ‘unsaturated’ (less compact, liquid at room temp.)

29
Q

Explain how the following lipid structures differ:

  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Eicosanoids
  • Steroids
A

Triglycerides - glycerol molecule containing 3 hydroxyl groups that combine with the carboxyl groups of 3 fatty acids, nonpolar, hydrophobic
Phospholipids - glycerol combines with 2 fatty acids, one of which is unsaturated, phosphate group attaches to 3rd carbon of glycerol (polar head, hydrophilic) and the two fatty acids form the tail (non-polar, hydrophobic), form phospholipid bilayer
Eicosanoids - signaling molecules made by oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids, exert complex control over many bodily systems; mainly in inflammation or immunity, and as messengers in the central nervous system.
Steroids - 4 fused rings of carbon atoms, two main functions: important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity (cholesterol) and signaling molecules that activate steroid hormone receptors.

30
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond between amino acids, by condensation reaction (reaction that releases water).

31
Q

What are the components of an amino acid?

A

….

32
Q

What structure makes amino acids different?

A

The variable or function group R - different chemical characteristics arise here.

33
Q

Explain the difference between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary proteins

A

….

34
Q

What is the basic structure of a nucleotide?

A

….

35
Q

How do pyrimidines and purines differ?

A

….

36
Q

Explain how phosphates form different nucleotides

A

….

37
Q

Explain the concept of complementary base pairing

A

….

A & P 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions