Topic 1 Flashcards
Describe the Mann–Whitney U-test.
Medians of stats. Not Normally Distributed (not a bell graph) and for small amounts of data. A test for a significant difference
Describe the T-Test
Averages (Significant data). Means, Normally distributed (Bell Graph) Statistical test for determining whether differences in two means from separate samples are significant when compared with a null hypothesis of no difference. Statistical significance is generally taken as having a probability of occurring by chance of less than 0.05 (1 in 20). The t-test assumes data are normally distributed, in contrast to the Mann–Whitney U-test.
Describe a Null Hypothesis
Hypothesis of no difference or no relationship between variables.
No anticipation of seeing any differences
Statistical difference other than by chance
Describe a Alternative Hypothesis
What we believe might occur from the result. Use statistics to see a significant difference, needed to eliminate the chance effects.
what is mullerian mimicry?
A harmful/toxic animal mimicking another harmful/toxic animal
or
Type of mimicry where one toxic species mimics another toxic species and thereby benefits from reduced predation because the message of toxicity is reinforced amongst predators
What is Batesian mimicry?
A non harmful/toxic animal mimicking a harmful/toxic animal
What are Apterygota
Wingless insects, including Zygentoma (e.g. silverfish) and Collembola (springtails)
Wingless insects are called, what?
Apterygota
winged insects are called, what?
Pterygota; however, some of the winged species may never develop their wings
What are Pterygota
Winged insects including Coleoptera (beetles) and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).
Describe the process of coevolution
Process whereby evolutionary changes in one taxonomic group influence (and are influenced by) changes in a second group
Name the process whereby evolutionary changes in one taxonomic group influence (and are influenced by) changes in a second group
Coevolution
What is known as convergent evolution.
Production of similar traits in organisms in unrelated lineages
What is the production of similar traits in organisms in unrelated lineages also known as?
Convergent evolution
Similarity of pattern or colour of markings in different species for warning off predator
Mimcry
What is a hypothesised line of evolutionary descent from one group to another, also known as?
Lineages
What is the advantage to species that have a similar pattern of warning colouration to toxic species but have no toxicity themselves?
They benefit from being avoided by predators without needing the physiological apparatus to generate and/or store the toxic chemicals.
If a butterfly or moth species is highly toxic, think of two ways in which the toxins might be accumulated in the insect’s body
Either they can be synthesised in the body from non-toxic substances or they can be consumed from toxic plants and stored instead of digested
adaptation - Fill in the gaps:
A modification of ___ , physiology or ____ that suits an organism to its circumstances, in the sense of promoting its relative ____ of survival and/or reproductive success. Adaptations evolve through _____ _______.
A modification of structure, physiology or behaviour that suits an organism to its circumstances, in the sense of promoting its relative prospects of survival and/or reproductive success. Adaptations evolve through natural selection.
allele - Fill in the gaps:
An allele is a copy, or variant, of a gene that can exist at a single gene locus. Often there are just ___ alleles, one frequently ____ to the other. Sometimes there are several alleles, only two of which are present in an individual, e.g. those responsible for the ABO blood group system of humans.
An allele is a copy, or variant, of a gene that can exist at a single gene locus. Often there are just two alleles, one frequently dominant to the other. Sometimes there are several alleles, only two of which are present in an individual, e.g. those responsible for the ABO blood group system of humans.
angiosperms are……
The clade of flowering plants
Define Beltian bodies
Detachable tip found on the leaves of some species of acacia. Beltian bodies are rich in proteins, lipids and sugars
Define speciation
The splitting of one species into two or more different species
