Topic 1

Question 1

Describe the Mann–Whitney U-test.

Answer 1

Medians of stats. Not Normally Distributed (not a bell graph) and for small amounts of data. A test for a significant difference

Question 2

Describe the T-Test

Answer 2

Averages (Significant data). Means, 
Normally distributed (Bell Graph) 
Statistical test for determining whether differences in two means from separate samples are significant when compared with a null hypothesis of no difference. Statistical significance is generally taken as having a probability of occurring by chance of less than 0.05 (1 in 20). The t-test assumes data are normally distributed, in contrast to the Mann–Whitney U-test.

Question 3

Describe a Null Hypothesis

Answer 3

Hypothesis of no difference or no relationship between variables.
No anticipation of seeing any differences
Statistical difference other than by chance

Question 4

Describe a Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 4

What we believe might occur from the result. Use statistics to see a significant difference, needed to eliminate the chance effects.

Question 5

what is mullerian mimicry?

Answer 5

A harmful/toxic animal mimicking another harmful/toxic animal
or
Type of mimicry where one toxic species mimics another toxic species and thereby benefits from reduced predation because the message of toxicity is reinforced amongst predators

Question 6

What is Batesian mimicry?

Answer 6

A non harmful/toxic animal mimicking a harmful/toxic animal

Question 7

What are Apterygota

Answer 7

Wingless insects, including Zygentoma (e.g. silverfish) and Collembola (springtails)

Question 8

Wingless insects are called, what?

Answer 8

Apterygota

Question 9

winged insects are called, what?

Answer 9

Pterygota; however, some of the winged species may never develop their wings

Question 10

What are Pterygota

Answer 10

Winged insects including Coleoptera (beetles) and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Question 11

Describe the process of coevolution

Answer 11

Process whereby evolutionary changes in one taxonomic group influence (and are influenced by) changes in a second group

Question 12

Name the process whereby evolutionary changes in one taxonomic group influence (and are influenced by) changes in a second group

Answer 12

Coevolution

Question 13

What is known as convergent evolution.

Answer 13

Production of similar traits in organisms in unrelated lineages

Question 14

What is the production of similar traits in organisms in unrelated lineages also known as?

Answer 14

Convergent evolution

Question 15

Similarity of pattern or colour of markings in different species for warning off predator

Answer 15

Mimcry

Question 16

What is a hypothesised line of evolutionary descent from one group to another, also known as?

Answer 16

Lineages

Question 17

What is the advantage to species that have a similar pattern of warning colouration to toxic species but have no toxicity themselves?

Answer 17

They benefit from being avoided by predators without needing the physiological apparatus to generate and/or store the toxic chemicals.

Question 18

If a butterfly or moth species is highly toxic, think of two ways in which the toxins might be accumulated in the insect’s body

Answer 18

Either they can be synthesised in the body from non-toxic substances or they can be consumed from toxic plants and stored instead of digested

Question 19

adaptation - Fill in the gaps:
A modification of ___ , physiology or ____ that suits an organism to its circumstances, in the sense of promoting its relative ____ of survival and/or reproductive success. Adaptations evolve through _____ _______.

Answer 19

A modification of structure, physiology or behaviour that suits an organism to its circumstances, in the sense of promoting its relative prospects of survival and/or reproductive success. Adaptations evolve through natural selection.

Question 20

allele - Fill in the gaps:
An allele is a copy, or variant, of a gene that can exist at a single gene locus. Often there are just ___ alleles, one frequently ____ to the other. Sometimes there are several alleles, only two of which are present in an individual, e.g. those responsible for the ABO blood group system of humans.

Answer 20

An allele is a copy, or variant, of a gene that can exist at a single gene locus. Often there are just two alleles, one frequently dominant to the other. Sometimes there are several alleles, only two of which are present in an individual, e.g. those responsible for the ABO blood group system of humans.

Question 21

angiosperms are……

Answer 21

The clade of flowering plants

Question 22

Define Beltian bodies

Answer 22

Detachable tip found on the leaves of some species of acacia. Beltian bodies are rich in proteins, lipids and sugars

Question 23

Define speciation

Answer 23

The splitting of one species into two or more different species