Topic 1

Question 1

Motor Learning

Answer 1

• sub discipline of motor behavior
• the study of the processes involved in acquiring the capability to execute a motor skill, whereby there is a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from practice or experience

Question 2

Motor Developent

Answer 2

• sub discipline of motor behavior
• the study of the continuous changes in human motor behavior as we proceed through the life span, and the biological and environmental factors that affect these changes

Question 3

Motor Control

Answer 3

• sub discipline of motor behavior
• study of processes involved in movement and how various movements are controlled by the central nervous system (eg neurophysiological processes)

Question 4

Motor Homunculous

Answer 4

amount of cerebral cortex dedicated to the given body region is proportional to the nerve supply (innervation) of that region within the brain

Question 5

Motor Behavior

Answer 5

• umbrella term encompassing motor learning, control, and development
• the science that concerns the way in which we learn, control, and develop motor skill

Question 6

Growth

Development

Answer 6

• observable change in quantity (eg body size)

- change in level of functioning

Question 7

Maturation

Answer 7

timing and tempo of progress toward the mature biological state (timetable of events)
eg and organizational change in the function of an organ or tissue

Question 8

Current approach to motor development

Answer 8

• adoption of a lifespan approach
• an individual is studied through both the regressive (loss of capability) and progressive (possitive change) phases of development

Question 9

Cephalo-caudal principle

Answer 9

• from head to tail-development of the human from the top of the body downward to the feet
• infant’s first major milestone is holding their head

Question 10

Proximodistal Principle

Answer 10

• from proximal to points distal

- exception: control of fingers before thumb

Question 11

Prenatal Period

Answer 11

• conception to birth
• embryonic period=up to 8 weeks
• fetal period=8 weeks to birth (often seen as the human point)

Question 12

Early childhood period

Answer 12

• birth to 6 years
  1. infancy-birth to onset of walking-neonatal period=birth to 22 weeks
  2. toddlerhood-onset of walking to 3 years
  3. preschool-age-3-5 years
  4. kindergarten-age-5-6 years (until grade 1)

Question 13

Middle Childhood Period

Late Childhood Period

Answer 13

• 6-8 years (grades 1-3)

- 9-12 years (grades 4-7). also referred to as preadolescence and tween years

Question 14

Adolescence Period

Answer 14

• puberty
• approx 12-18 years, highly variable
• influenced by secular trends: physical inactivity speeds up the onset of puberty

Question 15

Adulthood Period

Answer 15

-height growth cessation to death
-early (young) adulthood=18 or 20 to 40 years
-middle adulthood=40 to 80
late (older) adulthood=60 to 80

Question 16

Universality

Variability

Answer 16

• individuals in a species show similar development (stages)

- individual differences exist, which constitutes variation in behavior

Question 17

epigenesis

Answer 17

This idea is that development is the result of an ongoing, bi-directional interchange between one’s biological characteristics (including
heredity) and the environment

Question 18

affordances

Answer 18

opportunities for action (stimulation of motor development) from events, objects, places in the home

Question 19

cross sectional design

longitudinal design

Answer 19

• subjects are chosen so that characteristics of different age groups are as similar as possible (cohort affects)
• data collected on one individual over a period of time

Question 20

microgenic design

sequential design

Answer 20

• change is monitored over a period of sessions until the individual has mastered the task (until change ends)
• study several different-aged samples over a period of years