Topic 1

Question 1

What charge do protons, neutrons and electrons have?

Answer 1

Protons: positive
Neutrons: no charge
Electrons: negative

Question 2

What is an element?

Answer 2

A substance made up of atoms that all have the same number of protons in their nucleus.

Question 3

What is an isotope?

Answer 3

Different forms of the same element, with the same number of protons, different number of electrons.

Question 4

What is a compound?

Answer 4

Substances formed from two or more elements, held together by chemical bonds, they have different properties compared to the original elements.

Question 5

The metal atoms [?] electrons to form [?] ions. Non-metals [?] electrons to form [?] ions? What is this called?

Answer 5

Lose, positive, gain, negative.
Ionic bonding

Question 6

What is covalent bonding? Is this for metals or non-metals only?

Answer 6

Bonds by sharing an electron. Non-metals only.

Question 7

Equation for relative atomic mass?

Answer 7

Ar = sum of (isotope abundance (%) * isotope mass number) / sum of abundances of all the isotopes (%)

Question 8

Who was John Dalton and what did he describe an atom as?

Answer 8

A scientist who said atoms were solid spheres made up of elements.

Question 9

Who contradicted John Dalton’s idea, what year and what did he suggest?

Answer 9

1897 - J.J Thomson. Found that atoms must contain electrons. He created the plum pudding model.

Question 10

Who created the Alpha particle scattering experiment, what year, what did they find?

Answer 10

1909 - Ernest Rutherford. Used a thin sheet of gold foil and found that the atom must contain a nucleus.

Question 11

What did Niel Bohr find?

Answer 11

He created Bohr’s Nuclear Model. He found that atoms contained shells.

Question 12

What happened 20 years later?

Answer 12

James Chadwick discovered neutrons. Created the closest nuclear model to the current modern day one.

Question 13

Who was Dmitri Mendeleev, what did his periodic table look like, what year, how did he group the elements?

Answer 13

1869 - Left gaps and predicted elements. He grouped them based on similar properties and atomic weight.

Question 14

How are elements on the periodic table laid out now?

Answer 14

Groups of similar properties, in order of increasing atomic (proton) number.

Question 15

What is a mixture?

Answer 15

2 or more elements or compounds mixed together with no chemical bond.

Question 16

What is chromatography used for?

Answer 16

Separate compounds out of a mixture.

Question 17

PRACTICAL: Evaporation (soluble from solution)

Answer 17

1. Pour solution into an evaporating dish.
2. Slowly heat solution.
3. Solvent will evaporate, solution becomes more concentrated.
4. Crystals will form.
5. Keep heating until the crystals are dry.

Question 18

PRACTICAL: Crystallisation (soluble from solutions)

Answer 18

1. Pour solution into an evaporating dish.
2. Heat, once evaporated remove the dish and leave to cool.
3. Crystals will form in a cold, concentrated solution.
4. Leave crystals in a warm place to dry.

Question 19

PRACTICAL: Simple Distillation (separate out solutions)

Answer 19

1. Solution is heated.
2. Lowest boiling point solution will evaporate first.
3. Vapour is cooled, condenses and collected.
4. Rest of the solution is left behind in the flask.

Question 20

PRACTICAL: Fractional Distillation (separate a mixture of liquids)

Answer 20

1. Put mixture in a flask, place a fractioning column on top.
2. Heat. Different liquids have different boiling points so will evaporate at different times.
3. Liquid with lowest boiling point will evaporate first.
4. Collect liquid, then raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top.

Question 21

What are 3 properties of metals?

Answer 21

1. strong
2. Good at conducting heat and electricity
3. High boiling and melting points

Question 22

Transition metals have 3 special properties, what are they?

Answer 22

1. Can have more than 1 ion
2. Colourful
3. Good catalysts

Question 23

What happens when Group 1 elements react with oxygen, water and chlorine?

Answer 23

Water: reacts vigorously, produces hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides.
Chlorine: reacts vigorously, heats to make chlorine salts.
Oxygen: forms a metal oxide

Question 24

Group 7 elements: what are they, how do they share electrons and what ions do they form when bonded with metals?

Answer 24

Non-metals
Covalent bonding
1- ions

Question 25

Group 0: what colour, how many electrons in an outer shell, which one is an exception, do they react much.

Answer 25

Colourless
Full outer shell (8)
Helium (2 electrons)
No, they don’t react much.