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mission to mars > topic 1 > Flashcards

topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what skills do astronauts need

A

resilience, adaptability, curiosity, creativity, teamwork, fitness and good health

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2
Q

what is the largest valley/canyon called

A

valles marineris

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3
Q

how big is valles marineris

A

4000km long, 2000km wide and 7km deep

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4
Q

what is the volcano on mars called

A

olympus mons

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5
Q

how big is olympus mons

A

21km high, 3x taller than mount everest

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6
Q

what are the polar ice caps called

A

planum boreum (north) and planum australe (south)

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7
Q

what are the ice caps made of

A

frozen water and dry ice (frozen CO₂)

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8
Q

what are mars’ 2 moons called

A

phobos and deimos

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9
Q

distance of mars from the sun

A

1.5 AU or 230,000,000km

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10
Q

distance of earth from the sun

A

1AU or 150,000,000km

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11
Q

what is the size (diameter) of mars

A

1/2 of earths size or 6800km

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12
Q

what is mars’ tilt

A

25°

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13
Q

what is earth’s tilt

A

23.5°

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14
Q

how long is a martian year

A

687 days

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15
Q

how long is a martian day

A

24 hours and 40 mins

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16
Q

how much gravity is there on mars % and N/kg

A

62% less, 3.2N/kg

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17
Q

what is the temperature on mars

A

-140° to 30°, average -63°

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18
Q

what is mars’ atmosphere made of

A

mostly carbon dioxide + argon and nitrogen, 2% the density of earth

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19
Q

what is a sol

A

a martian day

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20
Q

what is an AU

A

an astronomical unit, the distance between earth and the sun

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21
Q

why is earth known as the goldilocks planet

A

venus is too hot, mars is too cold and earth is just the right temperature for many living things to thrive

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22
Q

what are the reasons for colonising mars

A

survive asteroid impact, growing population, develop new technology, for a challenge and adventure and to develop a global view of earth

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23
Q

what are some challenges of moving to mars

A

lack of liquid water, very cold, thin and toxic atmosphere, high UV and low gravity

24
Q

what is terraforming

A

making mars’ environment suitable for organisms on earth

25
Q

physical needs on mars

A

food, water, air, warmth, sunshine, buildings

26
Q

technological needs on mars

A

electricity, materials, tools, computers and communications, vehicles, robots

27
Q

how can we get water on mars

A

heat up the ground, causing ice to sublimate and capture and cool steam

28
Q

how can we get food on mars

A

food can be grown in greenhouses, hydroponics (growing plants without soil), aquaponics (waste from fish is used as nutrients), chickens (don’t need much space or grass)

29
Q

how can houses be built for martian conditions

A

underground to avoid high uv and keep warm, glass/plastic domes will be easy to build/bring

30
Q

what building materials are on mars/can be made on mars

A

lots of iron on mars, steel can be made using carbon from atmosphere, bricks, concrete and other materials can be made from resources there

31
Q

what can be made into electricity

A

wind

32
Q

what is a force and what does it do

A

a push or pull on an object which causes an object to change shape, direction of its movement, stop or start moving or change the speed of its movement

33
Q

what are forces measured in

A

newtons (N)

34
Q

what is a vector quantity

A

something (a force) with both size and direction

35
Q

what are the 2 types of forces

A

contact and non contact

36
Q

what are some contact forces

A

applied, spring, drag (air resistance), frictional and normal forces

37
Q

what are some non contact forces

A

gravitational, magnetic and electric (electrostatic) forces

38
Q

what is the difference between contact and non contact forces

A

contact forces require direct, physical contact between 2 objects, non contact forces don’t require contact/2 objects

39
Q

what forces act on rockets

A

thrust (comes from the engine of the rocket to increase velocity), drag (the air slows down the rocket), weight (the mass of the object x the grav strength)

40
Q

what is net force and how is it calculated

A

the total force acting on an object, if going the same way then add, opposite ways minus

41
Q

how are forces shown/written

A

with an arrow in the direction its going, with the size in newtons and with the type of force labelled

42
Q

what is a balanced force and what happens when forces are balanced

A

when the net force = 0, forces may be opposite but equal, a balanced force will result in no movement or objects to move at a constant velocity

43
Q

what is an unbalanced force and what happens when forces are unbalanced

A

when the net force is >0, one force is greater than the other(s), causing motion, only unbalanced forces can change an objects motion

44
Q

what is gravity

A

the attraction between 2 masses or objects

45
Q

what does the strength of gravity depend on and how does it affect it

A

mass and distance, more mass = more gravity, more distance = less gravity

46
Q

what is earths gravity and how is it shown

A

9.8N/kg of matter, shown as a gravitational field

47
Q

what is mass and how is it measured

A

the amount of matter in an object, it is the same value, regardless of grav strength, measured in kg

48
Q

what is weight and how is it measured

A

a force cause by gravity’s pull on a mass, has different values depending on gravity, measured in newtons

49
Q

how is weight calculated

A

weight (N) = mass x gravitational strength

50
Q

how is weightlessness achieved

A

the object moves forward at a constant speed whilst gravity is pulling it down, this results in objects accelerating in a curved path, the same curve of the earth, it is essentially free fall

51
Q

what are centripetal forces and an example

A

for an object to move in a circle a force acts on it at all times towards the centre of the circle, gravity is a centripetal force

52
Q

what are the effects of weightlessness on astronauts

A

bones and muscles weaken, muscles lose mass and vision is impaired

53
Q

which forces contribute to weightlessness

A

centripetal force and gravity

54
Q

how do satellites maintain a constant position above earth and what are they called

A

satellites speed of orbit matches earths speed of rotation, called geostationary satellites

55
Q

what are geostationary satellites used for

A

communications, TV, weather forecasting and GPS

56
Q

what are astronomical satellites and what do they do

A

large telescopes placed in high orbit, away from earths atmosphere, they photograph stars and galaxies

57
Q

what are the risks of space walking

A

there are extreme temps (-200° to 200°), space has no air pressure and blood will boil without suits, astronauts may be hit by space junk

mission to mars (2 decks)

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