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Earthquake Engineering > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a specialized field within civil engineering focused on understanding, designing, and constructing structures and systems to withstand the forces and effects of earthquakes

A

earthquake engineering

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2
Q

Key Aspects of Earthquake Engineering

A
  1. Seismic Design
  2. Structural Analysis
  3. Seismic Codes and Standards
  4. Ground Motion Analysis
  5. Damage Assessment and Retrofit
  6. Risk Assessment and Management
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3
Q

Creating structures that can endure seismic forces

A

Seismic Design

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4
Q

Evaluating how structures respond to seismic activity through simulations and modeling to predict their behavior during an earthquake

A

Structural Analysis

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5
Q

Developing and implementing building codes and standards that dictate how structures should be designed and constructed to improve earthquake resilience

A

Seismic Codes and Standards

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6
Q

Studying how seismic waves travel through the ground and how they affect different types of soils and rocks

A

Ground Motion Analysis

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7
Q

Analyzing existing structures to assess their vulnerability to earthquakes and applying retrofitting techniques to improve their seismic performance

A

Damage Assessment and Retrofit

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8
Q

Evaluating the potential impact of earthquakes on communities and infrastructure, developing strategies to reduce risks and enhance preparedness

A

Risk Assessment and Management

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9
Q

Significance of Earthquake Engineering

A
  1. Ensuring safety and protecting lives
  2. Designing for dynamic loads
  3. Enhancing structural resilience
  4. Improving building codes and standards
  5. Integrating advanced technologies
  6. Addressing regional and site-specific risks
  7. Supporting post-earthquake recovery
  8. Educating and training engineers
  9. Contributing to sustainable development
  10. Promoting interdisciplinary collaboration
  11. Learning from past events
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10
Q

An oscillatory, sometimes violent movement of the Earth’s surface that follows a release of energy in the Earth’s crust

A

Earthquake

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11
Q

Elastic Rebound Theory was first proposed by _ following the _

A

Harry Fielding Reid, 1906 San Francisco earthquake

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12
Q

the theory that describes the process by which stress builds up in the Earth’s crust and is suddenly released, causing an earthquake

A

Elastic Rebound Theory

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13
Q

Key Concepts of Elastic Rebound Theory

A
  1. Stress Accumulation
  2. Elastic Deformation
  3. Rupture and Slip
  4. Seismic Waves
  5. Aftermath and Aftershocks
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14
Q

point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus (also known as hypocenter)

A

epicenter

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15
Q

depth from the Earth’s surface to the focus

A

focal depth

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16
Q

is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden motions along faults, or fractures in the earth’s crust

A

earthquake

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17
Q

a fracture in the rocks that make up the earth’s crust

A

fault

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18
Q

the point at the surface of the earth directly above the focus

A

epicenter

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19
Q

the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts

A

focus/hypocenter

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20
Q

massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the earth’s surface, and whose movement along faults triggers earthquakes

A

tectonic plates

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21
Q

Distribution of Seismic Activity

A
  1. Tectonic Plate Boundaries
  2. Intraplate Earthquakes
  3. Seismic Zones
  4. Subduction Zones
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22
Q

where two plates collide

A

Convergent Boundaries

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23
Q

where two plates move apart from each other

A

Divergent Boundaries

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24
Q

where two plates slide past each other

A

Transform Boundaries

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25
Q

The most seismically active region in the world, surrounding the Pacific Ocean

A

Pacific Ring of Fire

26
Q

A geological theory that explains the gradual movement of the Earth’s continents across the surface of the globe over geological time

A

Continental Drift

27
Q

A geological theory that explains the gradual movement of the Earth’s continent across the surface of the globe over geological time

A

Continental Drift

28
Q

Continental drift theory was first proposed by German meteorologist and geophysicist _ in _

A

Alfred Wegener, 1912

29
Q

It laid the groundwork for the development of plate tectonics, which is now the widely accepted explanation for the movement of Earth’s lithosphere

A

Continental Drift

30
Q

Plate tectonics move due to

A

mantle convection
slab pull
ridge push

31
Q

explains not only the movement of continents but also the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity

A

Plate Tectonics

32
Q

Continental drift is now understood as a component of the broader theory of plate tectonics

A

1

33
Q

revolutionized our understanding of Earth’s history and the dynamic nature of its surface

A

Continental drift

34
Q

the scientific theory that explains the movement and interaction of the Earth’s lithosphere, which is divided into large, rigid plates

A

Plate Tectonics

35
Q

rigid, outermost shell of the Earth

A

lithosphere

36
Q

layer of rocks that forms the continents and the continental shelves

A

continental crust

37
Q

layer of rocks that underlies the ocean basins

A

oceanic crust

38
Q

lies directly beneath the lithosphere and is a semi-fluid, mechanically weak, and ductile layer of the upper mantle

A

asthenosphere

39
Q

describes how the lithosphere floats at an equilibrium level on the asthenosphere, much like icebergs float on water

A

isostasy

40
Q

describes how the lithosphere floats at an equilibrium level on the asthenosphere, much like icebergs float on water

A

isostasy

41
Q

are large, rigid pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere that move and interact with each other on the planet’s surface

A

Tectonic plates

42
Q

major tectonic plates include

A

Pacific Plate, North American Plate, Eurasian Plate, African Plate, South American Plate, Antarctic Plate, and Indo-Australian Plate

43
Q

When two continental plates collide, neither is subducted due to their similar densities. Instead, the collision results in the crumpling and folding of the curst leading to the formation of mountain ranges

A

.

44
Q

This movement occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where a new oceanic crust is created as magma rises from below the Earth’s surface

A

seafloor spreading

45
Q

the sinking of a dense, subducted plate pulls the rest of the plate along with it, driving plate movement

A

slab pull

46
Q

Formed from the cooling of magma at divergent boundaries or volcanic arcs

A

Igneous Rocks

47
Q

The concept of plate tectonics developed in the 20th century, building on the earlier idea of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener

A

Igneous Rocks

48
Q

The discovery of seafloor spreading, paleomagnetic evidence, and the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes provided strong support for the theory

A

.

49
Q

largest tectonic plate covering much of the Pacific Ocean

A

Pacific Plate

50
Q

surrounded by the “Ring of Fire,” a zone of high seismic and volcanic activity

A

Pacific Plate

51
Q

The collision between the Indian portion of the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate has resulted in the uplift of the Himalayan mountain range

A

Eurasian, Indian

52
Q

Name 6 minor tectonic plates

A

Nazca Plate, Cocos Plate, Caribbean Plate, Philippine Plate, Arabian Plate, Scotia Plate

53
Q

The primary goals are to minimize damage, protect lives, and ensure that buildings and infrastructure remain functional during and after seismic events

A

Earthquake Engineering

54
Q

Earthquakes with focal depths of less than approximately 60 km are classified as

A

Shallow Earthquakes

55
Q

have focal depths ranging from 60 to 300 kilometers

A

Intermediate Earthquakes

56
Q

Classification of Earthquakes in terms of focal depth

A

Shallow Earthquakes, Intermediate Earthquakes, Deep Earthquakes

57
Q

List Evidence for Continental Drift

A

Examples are (1) fit of the continents (2) fossil evidence (3) geological evidence (4) paleoclimactic evidence

58
Q

Wegener noted that the coastlines of continents like South America and Africa fit together like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle, suggesting they were once joined

A

Fit of the Continents

59
Q

Identical fossils of plants and animals, such as the Mesosaurus (a freshwater reptile), were found on continents now separated by vast oceans, indicating these continents were once connected.

A

Fossil Evidence

60
Q

Initially, Wegener’s theory was met with skepticism because he could not provide a convincing mechanism for

A

how continents could move through solid oceanic crust.

Earthquake Engineering (2 decks)

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