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BIO-201: Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

A process that counteracts changes in the body to maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of Negative Feedback?

A

To keep the body’s internal environment stable by reducing deviations from the set point.

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3
Q

What are the three key components of Negative Feedback?

A

Receptor, Integrator (Control Center), and Effector.

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4
Q

What is the role of a Receptor in Negative Feedback?

A

Detects changes in the environment and sends information to the integrator.

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5
Q

What does the Integrator do in Negative Feedback?

A

Processes information from the receptor and decides the appropriate response.

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6
Q

What is the role of an Effector in Negative Feedback?

A

Carries out the response directed by the integrator to bring conditions back to the set point.

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7
Q

Explain Negative Feedback in temperature regulation.

A
  1. Body temperature rises
  2. Thermoreceptors detect the increase
  3. Hypothalamus (integrator) receives the signal
  4. Sweat glands (effectors) produce sweat to cool the body.
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8
Q

What could happen if a receptor fails to detect a change?

A

The integrator won’t process the change, so the effector won’t respond, and homeostasis won’t be maintained.

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9
Q

Give another example of Negative Feedback.

A

Blood glucose regulation: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels when they are too high.

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10
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure and relationships between body parts.

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11
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how the body parts function and work together.

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12
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of how disease processes affect the function of the body.

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13
Q

What does Anatomy focus on?

A

Examines physical structures of the body (e.g., bones, muscles, organs).

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14
Q

What does Physiology focus on?

A

Looks at how various systems of the body work and interact.

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15
Q

What does Pathophysiology focus on?

A

Investigates “what happens” when normal physiology goes wrong due to diseases or injuries.

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16
Q

Which field answers “how” the body works?

A

Physiology

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17
Q

Which field examines the structure of body parts?

A

Anatomy

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18
Q

Which field combines knowledge of anatomy and physiology to understand disease mechanisms?

A

Pathophysiology

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19
Q

Organism Level

A

The human body as a whole. All systems work together to maintain life and health.

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20
Q

Organ System Level

A

Groups of organs working together to perform specific functions. Example: Digestive system, circulatory system.

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21
Q

Organ Level

A

Organs are made up of different types of tissues working together for specific functions. Example: Heart, liver

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22
Q

Tissue Level

A

Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a specific function. Example: Muscle tissue, nervous tissue.

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23
Q

Cellular Level

A

Cells are the smallest living units, performing various functions necessary for life. Example: Blood cells, nerve cells.

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24
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms and molecules, the simplest level, forming the building blocks of cells. Example: Proteins, lipids.

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25
Q

How do Organ Systems interact?

A

Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Example: The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide.

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26
Q

How do Organs interact within an Organ System?

A

Each organ has a specific role that contributes to the organ system’s overall function. Example: The stomach and intestines work together in the digestive system to process food and absorb nutrients.

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27
Q

How do Tissues interact within an Organ?

A

Different tissues (e.g., muscle, connective, epithelial) work together to ensure an organ can perform its functions. Example: The heart’s muscle tissue pumps blood, while its connective tissue supports its structure.

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28
Q

How do Cells interact within Tissue?

A

Similar cells group together to perform a common function within a tissue. Example: Nerve cells transmit signals in nervous tissue.

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29
Q

How do Molecules interact within a Cell?

A

Molecules combine to form organelles, which are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions. Example: Mitochondria produce energy for the cell.

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30
Q

What is Positive Feedback and can you provide an example?

A

Positive feedback is a process that amplifies a response in a system, leading to an increased change. An example is the release of oxytocin during childbirth. Oxytocin increases uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates more oxytocin release, enhancing the contractions further.

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31
Q

Describe the molecular structure and importance of Water.

A

Water () consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It acts as a solvent, participates in chemical reactions, and helps regulate temperature.

32
Q

Identify a proton or electron on a molecule.

A

A proton is a positively charged particle in the nucleus. An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus.

33
Q

Identify the difference between a Covalent vs Hydrogen vs Ionic Bond.

A

Covalent: Atoms share electrons.

Hydrogen: Weak bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom.

Ionic: Transfer of electrons creating charged ions.

34
Q

Covalent

A

Atoms share electrons

35
Q

Hydrogen

A

Weak bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom

36
Q

Ionic

A

Transfer of electrons creating charged ions

37
Q

Describe enzyme, protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, phosphoprotein, glycoproteins, lipoprotein, phospholipid, and a substrate.

A

Enzyme: Protein that catalyzes reactions.
Protein: Polymer of amino acids.
Carbohydrate: Sugar molecules (e.g., glucose).
Lipids: Fats, oils.
Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA.
Phosphoprotein: Protein with phosphate.
Glycoproteins: Protein with carbohydrate.
Lipoprotein: Protein with lipid.
Phospholipid: Major cell membrane component.
Substrate: Molecule an enzyme acts on.

38
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that catalyzes reactions.

39
Q

Protein

A

Polymer of amino acids.

40
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Sugar molecules (e.g., glucose)

41
Q

Lipids

A

Fats, oils

42
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA, RNA

43
Q

Phosphoprotein

A

Protein with phosphate

44
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Protein with carbohydrate

45
Q

Lipoprotein

A

Protein with lipid

46
Q

Phospholipid

A

Major cell membrane component

47
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule an enzyme acts on

48
Q

Describe how carbohydrates are stored in the body.

A

Stored as glycogen in liver and muscles.

49
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single sugar unit (e.g., glucose).

50
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two sugar units (e.g., sucrose)

51
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many sugar units (e.g., starch).

52
Q

Describe the molecular formula of a Carbohydrate.

A

Cn​(H2​O)n​

53
Q

Triglycerides

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

54
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotide bases, sugar, phosphate.

55
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Protein core + glycosaminoglycan chains.

56
Q

HDL

A

High-density lipoprotein, “good” cholesterol.

57
Q

LDL

A

Low-density lipoprotein, “bad” cholesterol.

58
Q

Describe the importance and chemical structure of ATP in the body.

A

ATP (C10H16N5O13P3) provides energy for cellular processes. Structure: adenine base, ribose sugar, three phosphate groups.

59
Q

Describe the types of bonds that attract water molecules together.

A

Hydrogen bonds attract water molecules.

60
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Bonds molecules by removing water

61
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks bonds by adding water.

62
Q

Explain pH and its importance in physiology, and which element pH is determined by.

A

pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; vital for enzyme activity. Determined by H+ ions.

63
Q

Alkalemia

A

Blood pH > 7.45

64
Q

Acidosis

A

Blood pH < 7.35

65
Q

Describe a buffer.

A

A buffer resists pH changes by neutralizing acids/bases.

66
Q

Oxidation

A

Loses electrons.

67
Q

Reduction

A

Gains electrons.

68
Q

The steps of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

69
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

No oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm, produces lactate + ATP.

70
Q

Aerobic respiration.

A

Requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, produces CO₂ + H₂O + ATP

71
Q

Describe the steps of Aerobic Respiration. (Glycolysis, Krebs Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain).

A
  1. Glycolysis: Glucose to pyruvate.
  2. Krebs Cycle: Pyruvate to CO₂.
  3. Electron Transport Chain: Produces ATP.
72
Q

What is the role of NADH in the Citric Acid Cycle.

A

NADH carries electrons to the Electron Transport Chain, producing ATP.

73
Q

Describe the stage of respiration that generates the most ATP.

A

Electron Transport Chain.

74
Q

Describe ATP synthase and its importance in producing ATP.

A

ATP synthase produces ATP by allowing protons to flow across a membrane.

75
Q

Explain the differences between catabolic vs anabolic metabolism, and exergonic vs endergonic reactions.

A

Catabolic: Breaks down molecules, releases energy.
Anabolic: Builds molecules, consumes energy.
Exergonic: Releases energy.
Endergonic: Requires energy.

BIO-201: Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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