Topic 1 Flashcards
Role of Immune System
Defense against infections (deficient immunity=more diseases; vaccinations boost immune defenses=less diseases)
Recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and new proteins (barriers to transplantation and gene therapy)
Defense against tumors (treatment of cancer)
Injure cells and induce pathological inflammation (Autoimmune disorders, allergies).
Overall process of immune system
Recognize, interact, communicate, activate, effector response, memory.
What are the basic characteristics and parts of Innate Immunity?
First line of defense, always present, barries, phagocytes, complement system, NK Cells
What are general characteristics of Adaptive immunity?
Stimulated by microbes invading tissues. Slower, more effective, more specific. Interacts with innate.
What are antigens
Substances from microbes or non-infectious molecules that are recognized by immune cell receptors.
What is an Epitope
Portion of antigen that fits into receptor.
Linear epitopes
Recognized by primary structure of amino acids. T cells only do linear b/c proteins are denatured. T cells binds to peptide to form MHC molecule complex
Non-linear epitopes
Conformation. Not dependent on primary structure. B cells use antibodies which can use linear or non-linear.
What determines the type of immune response a microbe receives?
Depends on type of microbe and where it attacks (lifestyle)
Which Microbes are found in Interstitial space, blood, or lymph? What kind of protective immunity is used?
Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, worms; antibodies, complement system, phagocytosis
Which Microbes are on epithelial surfaces? What kind of protective immunity is used?
Niesseria gonorrheae, candida albicans, words; IgA antibodies, antimicrobial peptides
Which microbes are found in Cytoplasm? What kind of protective immunity is used?
Viruses, chlamydias, protozoa; cytoxic T cells, NK cells
Which microbes are found in Vesicles? What kind of protective immunity is used?
Mycobacteria, trypanosomes, cryptococcus neoformans; activated macrophages.
General characteristics of Humoral Immunity
Extracellular. B lymphocyte secretes an antibody. blocks infections and elimates EC microbes
General characteristics of Cell mediated Immunity within macrophage
Helper T Lymphocyte; activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes.
General characteristics of Cell mediated immunity in cytoplasm (viruses replicating)
Cytolytic T lymphocytes; kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection
How does Active adaptive immunity work?
Natural infection or injecting a microbe ->Body developing antibodies–>memory
How does Passive Adaptive immunity work?
Inject antibodies to combat infection–>no development of antibodies–>no memory
Properties of Adaptive Immunity
Specificity, Diversity, Memory, Clonal expansion, specialization, contraction or homeostasis, nonreactivity to self.
What is Clonal Selection
Genes rearrange to give almost unlimited amt. of different types of antibodies. When an Ag is encountered, it matches up with a certain antibody and that antibody proliferates and then becomes an effector cell.
What are Primary and secondary responses
primary-7-10 days, first reponse, produces memory cells; secondary response-quick response due to already present memory cells.
What kinds of Lymphocytes are there and which type of immunity do they help with?
B cells-Humoral immunity; T cells-cell mediated immunity; NK cells-Innate immunity
What types of Antigen presenting cells are there and which type of immunity do they help with?
dendritic cells-initiation of t cell response, macrophages-initiation and effector phase of cell mediated, follicular dendritic cells-display of Ag to B lymph. in humoral. sometimes b cells (naive mature).
How do you classify Lymphocytes? What kinds are there? What are their markers? What do they do?
By their phenotype (cell surface markers and receptors) and by function.
B cells-Immunoglobulins; neutralize microbe, phagocytosis, complement activation
Helper T- CD4+, Activation of macrophages, inflammation, activation of T and B lymph.
Cytolytic T-CD8+; kill infected cell.
NK Cell-CD16+; kill infected cell.
