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Biology A level Edexcel > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heart function

A

-To generate pressure to pump blood around the body
-allow mass transport/ mass flow
-To overcome the limitations of diffusion to ensure fast enough delivery of oxygen gas to all body cells

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2
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries

A

Transports oxygenated blood from the heart into the cardiac muscle

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3
Q

What are the heart walls made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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4
Q

Define ‘cardiac cycle’

A

The pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart during one complete heartbeat

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5
Q

Artery structure - outer collagen coat

A

Strong to withstand high blood pressure

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6
Q

Artery structure - Thick smooth muscle layer

A

Muscle contracts to allow vasoconstriction to maintain high blood pressure

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7
Q

Artery structure - Thick elastic fibre layer

A

Allow artery to stretch and recoil to maintain high blood pressure

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8
Q

Artery structure - Smooth endothelium

A

Reduces resistance to blood flow

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9
Q

Artery structure - narrow lumen

A

Maintains high blood pressure

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10
Q

Vein structure - outer collagen coat

A

strength

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11
Q

Vein structure - valves

A

to prevent back flow of blood

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12
Q

Vein structure - thin smooth muscle layer

A

less construction of vein needed

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13
Q

Vein structure - thin elastic fibre layer

A

less elastic recoil needed as blood is moved by contraction of skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Vein structure - smooth endothelium

A

reduces resistance to blood flow

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15
Q

Vein structure - large lumen

A

reduces resistance to blood flow to prevent low blood pressure slowing down

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16
Q

Capillary structure - one cell thick wall

A

reduced diffusion distance speeds up exchange of substances between the blood and tissue cells

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17
Q

Capillary structure - walls have pores

A

to allow the passage of molecules through the wall, aiding formation of tissue fluid

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18
Q

Capillary structure - very narrow lumen

A

decreases the rate of flow of blood to allow more time for exchange of oxygen/ glucose between blood and cells by diffusion

Walls of red blood cells can be in contact with capillary wall, reduction distance for oxygen to diffuse to enter cells

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down a concentration gradient

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down a concentration gradient

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21
Q

Open circulatory system

A

There are no blood vessels, instead the blood is held within a body cavity and the organs are bathed in blood. Diffusion takes place between blood and organs. Blood is under low pressure

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22
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood is held within blood vessels and is under high pressure

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23
Q

Single closed circulatory system

A

Blood flows once through the heart during each complete circuit of the body. blood is at low pressure when reaching body capillaries

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24
Q

Double closed circulatory system

A

Blood flows twice through the heart during each complete circuit of the body. Blood is at high pressure when reaching body capillaries

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25
Q

Advantages of double closed circulatory system

A

-Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix
-blood can be pumped at different pressures
-repressurisation

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26
Q

Dipolar nature of water

A

Oxygen is delta negative
Hydrogen is delta positive

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27
Q

Bonding between water molecules

A

Hydrogen bonding between delta positive of hydrogen and delta negative of oxygen

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28
Q

Properties of water

A

-good solvent
-high latent heat of vaporisation
-high specific heat capacity

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29
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

how much energy it takes for 1kg of material by 1 degrees celsius

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30
Q

solvent

A

something other substances can dissolve in

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31
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels water (non-polar) molecules eg lipids)

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32
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracts water (polar molecules/ions eg glucose)

33
Q

What is blood pressure the measure of?

A

The hydrostatic force of the blood against the walls of a blood vessel

34
Q

What is elevated pressure known as?

A

Hypertension

35
Q

What are the units of blood pressure

A

mmHg

36
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Contact between blood and the walls of the blood vessels causes friction and this impedes the blood flow

37
Q

When is blood pressure highest in artery blood

A

during systole - this is called systolic pressure

38
Q

When is blood pressure lowest in artery blood

A

during diastole - this is called diastolic pressure

39
Q

What is oedema

A

fluid building up in tissues and causing swelling

40
Q

which type of blood vessel does atherosclerosis usually occur in

A

arteries

41
Q

Two main risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

1)high blood pressure
2)high blood cholesterol

42
Q

What is a blood clot also known as

A

a thrombus

43
Q

platelets in blood clotting

A

cell fragment releases thromboplastin, found in blood plasma, can change shape

44
Q

thromboplastin in blood clotting

A

soluble enzyme, catalyses conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, globular

45
Q

prothrombin in blood clotting

A

soluble plasma protein, globular, present in blood

46
Q

thrombin in blood clotting

A

soluble enzyme, globular, catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

47
Q

fibrinogen in blood clotting

A

soluble, plasma protein present in blood, globular

48
Q

fibrin in blood clotting

A

insoluble protein, fibrous, forms a mesh to trap red blood cells and platelets

49
Q

which artery becomes blocked which leads to a heart attack

A

coronary

50
Q

what effect does a blocker coronary artery have on the blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle

A

reduces flow of oxygenated blood to heart muscle

51
Q

General formula for a monosaccharide

A

CnH2nOn

52
Q

Two structural differences between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide

A

-monosaccharide is a single sugar unit, disaccharide is a double sugar unit
-A disaccharide has a glycosidic bond, monosaccharide does not

53
Q

condensation reaction definition

A

joining of monomers or smaller molecules to make a larger molecule
water is removed and a bond is formed

54
Q

hydrolysis reaction definition

A

splitting of polymers or large molecules into smaller molecules
water is added and a bond is broken

55
Q

what is a hexose sugar

A

six carbon sugar

56
Q

function of glucose

A

-immediate respiration source
-joined to form starch or glycogen for energy storage

57
Q

function of galactose

A

a component of disaccharide lactose

58
Q

fructose function

A

sweet sugar which attracts animals to eat the fruit and therefore helps seed dispersal

59
Q

how does the structure of glucose relate to its function

A

-doesn’t need to be hydrolysed as is a single sugar unit
-polar with many hydrophilic OH groups making it soluble in water - transport
-small so diffuses quickly into blood

60
Q

maltose (glucose+glucose) function

A

found in germinating seeds (when starch is broken down by enzyme amylase)

61
Q

sucrose (glucose+fructose) function

A

used for transporting energy in plants (sugar in the phloem)

62
Q

lactose (glucose+galactose) function

A

sugar in milk - for energy

63
Q

polysaccharide definition

A

many sugar units joined together by glycosidic bonds formed in condensation reactions

64
Q

starch structure

A

-alpha glucose
-amylose - unbranched, 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-amylopectin - branched, 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

65
Q

function and properties of starch

A

-energy storage in plants
-rapidly hydrolysed to release glucose quickly due to many branches
-insoluble so no osmotic effect
-compact - more starch and therefore more glucose can be stored in smaller space

66
Q

glycogen structure

A

-alpha glucose
-branched
-1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

67
Q

glycogen function and properties

A

-energy storage molecule in animals
-rapidly hydrolyses to release glucose quickly due to many branches
-insoluble - no osmotic effect
-compact - more glycogen and so more glucose can be stored in a smaller space

68
Q

cellulose structure

A

-beta glucose
-unbranched
-1,4 glycosidic bonds

69
Q

cellulose function and properties

A

-provides strength in the plant cell wall

70
Q

Describe the structure of a fatty acid

A

long straight hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid group.

71
Q

Function of cholesterol

A

Found in cell membrane, where its function is to regulate fluidity

72
Q

what is a lipoprotein

A

a molecule made up of cholesterol combined with triglycerides and protein

73
Q

is LDL saturated or unsaturated fatty acid

A

saturated

74
Q

is HDL saturated or unsaturated fatty acid

A

Unsaturated

75
Q

Role of LDL in cholesterol transport

A

Transports cholesterol from liver to body tissues where cholesterol binds to LDL receptors on cell membranes to be taken up into cells

76
Q

Role of HDL in cholesterol transport

A

Transports cholesterol from body tissues to liver where cholesterol is broken down
Important in reducing blood cholesterol levels

77
Q

consequences of increased saturated fats in the diet

A

Too many LDLs can cause LDL receptors on cells and tissues to overload so LDLs accumulate in blood causing high blood LDL cholesterol

78
Q

does saturated fatty acid have higher or lower H:C ratio?

A

higher

79
Q

does unsaturated fatty acid have higher or lower H:C ratio?

A

Lower

Biology A level Edexcel (5 decks)

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