Topic 1 Flashcards by Zac Heenands

Myriapods characteristics

Antenae
Segmented bodies
Hard exoskeleton

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Insects

Antennae
Compound eyes
Head thorax abdomen
2 pairs of wings
3 pairs of legs
Mouthpart

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Arachnids

Simple eyes
Head and thorax
4 pairs of legs
Powerful jaws

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Crustaceans

Eyes
Jointed limbs
Gills under their shell

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Flowering plant features

Stomata - allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen and water out
Has xylem and phloem for transport of mineral ions, water and sugars
Can be monocot or dicot

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Nucleus role

Controls the activity of the cell

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Cell membrane role

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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Cytoplasm role

Where chemical reactions take place

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Ribosomes role

Protein synthesis

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Mitochondria role

Where aerobic respiration takes place - releases energy

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Vacuole role

Filled with cell sap and contains sugars and mineral ions

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Chloroplasts role

Carry out photosynthesis

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Cell wall role

Protects and supports the cell made out of cellulose

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Red blood cell role

Transports oxygen
Contains haemoglobin
Biconcave disc shape to increase surface area to volume ratio
No nucleus to allow for more oxygen and flexible

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Muscle cell

Very long and contain protein fibers and can shorten shorten when there’s energy available so muscles can relax
Contract and relax to move muscles

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Ciliated cell

Contains cilia
Waft mucus bacteria out of the trachea into the mouth so it can be swallowed so hcl can destroy it

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Motion nerve cell

Transports signals from cns to the effector
Axon (long part) Carries the electrical impulse

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Sperm cell

Fuses with egg cell
Zygote produced
Flagellum enables it to swim
Mitochondria in the middle to release energy
acrosome at top to breakdown enzymes
Nucleus is haploid

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Root hair role

It increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

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Xylem characteristics

Transports water and mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves
Lignin walls to strengthen

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Phloem characteristics

Transports sugars
Has palisade cells which are densely packed with chloroplasts which absorb light in photosynthesis and make sugar

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Magnification calculation

Km
M
Mm
Um
Nm
X 1000

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How can diffusion be increased

Reduce distance
Concentration gradient kept high
Large surface area for diffusion across cell membranes

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How does osmosis affect plant and animal cells differently

Plant cells not permanently damaged
• Cell walls give plant cell support
• Animal cells permanently damaged
• Animal cells shrink with water loss and burst if swell too much

What do carbohydrates contain

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

What elements are in proteins

Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen

What element is found in lipids(fats)

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

What is the structure of a lipid

3 fatty acids 1 glycerol molecule

What did the food test for starch

Iodine Turns blue/black

Test for glucose

Biuret reagent Turns Purple

Test for fat

Add ethanol and water Milky white emulsion

Test for vitamin C

DCPIP dye And vitamin c drop by drop Few drops = strong solution

Why do enzymes not work at little energy

Not enough kinetic energy also they’re biological catalyst

Photosynthesis equation

Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + oxygen

Function of chlorophyll

Transfers light energy to chemical Used for synthesis of carbs

Limiting factors of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide Light intensity Temperature

Glucose use in photosynthesis

To make Proteins Fats Cellulose for cell wall Starch for storage

Deficiency signs for leaves

Magnesium can’t be produced to make chlorophyll - yellow leaves

Leaf adaptations

Thin Flat Large surface area

Wavy cuticle role

Prevents excess water loss

Upper epidemis role

Transparent to allow light to enter the leaf

Palisade mesophyll role

Contains chloroplasts which absorbs light in photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll role

Air spaces allow gases to diffuse

Where is amylase made

Salivary glands Small intestine Pancreas

What you need to know for amylase

Breaks down starch into maltose Secreted in alimentary canal Maltase - breaks down maltose into glucose Secreted onto membranes of epithelium in small intestine

Protease

Digests proteins into amino acids It’s made in stomach,small intestine and pancreas

What are the other protease called

Pepsin - made in stomach Trypsin - made in small intestine

What does lipase do

Digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerol Made in small intestine and pancreas

What do teeth do

Break up food and increase the surface area for enzymes to work upon

How to protect our teeth

Eating a diet low in sugar Brushing regularly Rinse to remove bits of foodd

What is Bile

An emulsifier which breaks down large fat droplets to small ones Increasing surface area Neutralizes hcl

What are lacteals for

Fat absorption

How is the small intestine adapted for its function?

Large surface area provided by villi and microvilli Lots of capillaries - Thin wall - short diffusion distance Lacteals - absorption of fats

What do goblet and epithelium cells do

Goblet - protect the lining of the small intestine Epithelium - one cell thick which provides a short diffusion pathway Microvillus - increases the surface area for the absorption of digested food

Large intestine

Water is absorbed

What is transpiration stream?

The continuous column of water moving up the xylem from the roots to the leaves

Describe the transport of water in a plant

Enters root hair cell by osmosis Water molecules are attracted to each other Transpiration stream in xylem - Transpiration out of the stomata

Liver and pancreas produces

Liver - Produces bile - neutralizes acid and emulsifies fat in the small intestine Pancreas - Produces pancreatic juice, transported into small intestine by pancreatic duct

Gall bladder produces

Stores bile - transported in to duodenum by bile duct