Topic 1 Flashcards
Myriapods characteristics
Antenae
Segmented bodies
Hard exoskeleton
Insects
Antennae
Compound eyes
Head thorax abdomen
2 pairs of wings
3 pairs of legs
Mouthpart
Arachnids
Simple eyes
Head and thorax
4 pairs of legs
Powerful jaws
Crustaceans
Eyes
Jointed limbs
Gills under their shell
Flowering plant features
Stomata - allows carbon dioxide in and oxygen and water out
Has xylem and phloem for transport of mineral ions, water and sugars
Can be monocot or dicot
Nucleus role
Controls the activity of the cell
Cell membrane role
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm role
Where chemical reactions take place
Ribosomes role
Protein synthesis
Mitochondria role
Where aerobic respiration takes place - releases energy
Vacuole role
Filled with cell sap and contains sugars and mineral ions
Chloroplasts role
Carry out photosynthesis
Cell wall role
Protects and supports the cell made out of cellulose
Red blood cell role
Transports oxygen
Contains haemoglobin
Biconcave disc shape to increase surface area to volume ratio
No nucleus to allow for more oxygen and flexible
Muscle cell
Very long and contain protein fibers and can shorten shorten when there’s energy available so muscles can relax
Contract and relax to move muscles
Ciliated cell
Contains cilia
Waft mucus bacteria out of the trachea into the mouth so it can be swallowed so hcl can destroy it
Motion nerve cell
Transports signals from cns to the effector
Axon (long part) Carries the electrical impulse
Sperm cell
Fuses with egg cell
Zygote produced
Flagellum enables it to swim
Mitochondria in the middle to release energy
acrosome at top to breakdown enzymes
Nucleus is haploid
Root hair role
It increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions
Xylem characteristics
Transports water and mineral ions from the roots up to the leaves
Lignin walls to strengthen
Phloem characteristics
Transports sugars
Has palisade cells which are densely packed with chloroplasts which absorb light in photosynthesis and make sugar
Magnification calculation
Km
M
Mm
Um
Nm
X 1000
How can diffusion be increased
Reduce distance
Concentration gradient kept high
Large surface area for diffusion across cell membranes
How does osmosis affect plant and animal cells differently
Plant cells not permanently damaged
• Cell walls give plant cell support
• Animal cells permanently damaged
• Animal cells shrink with water loss and burst if swell too much
What do carbohydrates contain
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
What elements are in proteins
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
What element is found in lipids(fats)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
What is the structure of a lipid
3 fatty acids
1 glycerol molecule
What did the food test for starch
Iodine
Turns blue/black
Test for glucose
Biuret reagent
Turns Purple
Test for fat
Add ethanol and water
Milky white emulsion
Test for vitamin C
DCPIP dye
And vitamin c drop by drop
Few drops = strong solution
Why do enzymes not work at little energy
Not enough kinetic energy also they’re biological catalyst
Photosynthesis equation
Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + oxygen
Function of chlorophyll
Transfers light energy to chemical
Used for synthesis of carbs
Limiting factors of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
Light intensity
Temperature
Glucose use in photosynthesis
To make
Proteins
Fats
Cellulose for cell wall
Starch for storage
Deficiency signs for leaves
Magnesium can’t be produced to make chlorophyll - yellow leaves
Leaf adaptations
Thin
Flat
Large surface area
Wavy cuticle role
Prevents excess water loss
Upper epidemis role
Transparent to allow light to enter the leaf
Palisade mesophyll role
Contains chloroplasts which absorbs light in photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll role
Air spaces allow gases to diffuse
Where is amylase made
Salivary glands
Small intestine
Pancreas
What you need to know for amylase
Breaks down starch into maltose
Secreted in alimentary canal
Maltase - breaks down maltose into glucose
Secreted onto membranes of epithelium in small intestine
Protease
Digests proteins into amino acids
It’s made in stomach,small intestine and pancreas
What are the other protease called
Pepsin - made in stomach
Trypsin - made in small intestine
What does lipase do
Digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
Made in small intestine and pancreas
What do teeth do
Break up food and increase the surface area for enzymes to work upon
How to protect our teeth
Eating a diet low in sugar
Brushing regularly
Rinse to remove bits of foodd
What is Bile
An emulsifier which breaks down large fat droplets to small ones
Increasing surface area
Neutralizes hcl
What are lacteals for
Fat absorption
How is the small intestine adapted for its function?
Large surface area provided by villi and microvilli
Lots of capillaries
- Thin wall - short diffusion distance
Lacteals - absorption of fats
What do goblet and epithelium cells do
Goblet - protect the lining of the small intestine
Epithelium - one cell thick which provides a short diffusion pathway
Microvillus - increases the surface area for the absorption of digested food
Large intestine
Water is absorbed
What is transpiration stream?
The continuous column of water moving up the xylem from the roots to the leaves
Describe the transport of water in a plant
Enters root hair cell by osmosis
Water molecules are attracted to each other
Transpiration stream in xylem
- Transpiration out of the stomata
Liver and pancreas produces
Liver - Produces bile - neutralizes acid and emulsifies fat in the small intestine
Pancreas - Produces pancreatic juice, transported into small intestine by pancreatic duct
Gall bladder produces
Stores bile - transported in to duodenum by bile duct
