Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A
  • The first taxonomist
    BINOMAIAL NOMENCLATURE GUY
  • Not Linnaeus: The 5Kingdom separated organisms by anatomical, physiological and nutritional traits - morphological traits
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2
Q

The order of ranking (by Linnaeus)

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

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3
Q

The “Kingdoms” in the 5 Kingdom System

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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4
Q

In the 5 kingdom system, the unicellular kingdoms are

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi

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5
Q

In the 5 kingdom system, the photosynthetic kingdoms are

A

Monera, Protista, Plantae

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6
Q

In the 5 kingdom system, the motile kingdoms are

A

Monera, Protista, Animalia

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7
Q

In the 5 kingdom system, the kingdoms with membrane-bound nuclei are

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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8
Q

In the 5 kingdom system, the heterotrophic kingdoms are

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia

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9
Q

All life stores genetic information within

A

DNA molecules

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10
Q

What translates information within DNA molecules into proteins

A

Ribosomes (rRNA)

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11
Q

Mutations occur ___ over time

A

Randomly. Nucleotides are crucial to the function of the ribosome, but some can change

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12
Q

The nucleotide sequences of the ribosome gene among species can be compared and the more similar the sequences,

A

The more closely related the species are

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13
Q

The more different the nucleotide sequences

A

The longer since they diverged

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14
Q

Most of the time, mutations have what effect.
Sometimes, what effect?
Other times, what effect?

A

No change
Death
Beneficial (passes on to future generations)

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15
Q

The 3 Domain Classification separates groups based on

A

Genetic information, or DNA (based on similarities and differences in molecular information)

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16
Q

The “old” 3-Domain System is that

A

Archaea branched off from Eurkarya

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17
Q

The “new” 3-Domain System is that

A

Eukarya evolved from archaea (the archaea ancestors are called Asgardians, that engulfed a bacteria to form eukarya)

18
Q

LUCA

A

Last universal common ancestor

19
Q

The traits of Domain bacteria

A
  • All prokaryotes
  • All unicellular
  • Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
  • Small (1-5 micrometers)
20
Q

The traits of Domain archaea

A
  • All prokaryotes
  • All unicellular
  • Cell walls made up of pseudopeptidoglycan
  • Small (1-5 micrometers)
21
Q

The traits of Domain eukarya

A
  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Some have cell walls (e.g., pectin, chitin, cellulose)
  • Large cells (10x than prokaryotes)
22
Q

The differences between prok and euk are

A
  • Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (pro does not)
  • Eukaryotes have multiple linear DNA but prokaryotes are single circular DNA
  • Eukaryotes have nucleus but pro does not
  • 70S ribosomes VS 80S
23
Q

The similarities between prok and euk are

A
  • Use DNA
  • Have cell membranes
  • Have cytosol
24
Q

Everytime a cell doubles in size

A

SA:V decreases by half

25
Q

Why are prokaryotes so small

A

Diffusion

26
Q

The cell’s surface is its

A

Cell membrane

27
Q

Purpose of cell membrane

A

Site of nutrient exchange and energy generation. Also supports internal volume

28
Q

Why is a high SA/V ratio good

A

Because rate of diffusion stays the same, so we want large SA but small V

29
Q

Large cells with small SA:V CANT survive, how can eukaryotes be so large

A

They have membrane-bound organelles that increase SA and compartmentalize areas to store nutrients throughout the cell

30
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

When a gene from one species becomes a part of the genome in another species

31
Q

HGT is common between

A

Prokaryotes (but not eukaryotes)

32
Q

Endosymbiosis Theory

A

The idea that some eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic cells; an organism living inside another to benefit both

33
Q

___ and ____ were likely formed when 2 organisms formed a relationship that benefited both and is now permanent

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

34
Q

The process of endosymbiosis

A
  1. Host cell was an archaea-like prokaryote
  2. Endosymbiont (the organism that went inside) was a bacteria-like prokaryote, and very good a cell resp
  3. Archaea received ATP
  4. Bacteria received nutrients
  5. Host cell used extra E to develop an endomembrane system, and grew larger to become the first eukaryote
35
Q

The 5 evidence for endosymbiotic theory (that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes)

A
  • The same size as moderm prokaryotes
  • Have a single circular dsDNA molecule
  • Divide by binary fission
  • Have 70S ribosome gene
  • Many current (endo)symbiotic associations exist
36
Q

Prokaryote rRNA VS Mitochondrial rRNA VS Eukaryote rRNA

A

Mitochondrial is more similar to prokaryotes than mitochondrial is the eukaryote.

BUT Mitochondrial is more similar to eukaryote than prokaryote is to eukaryote

37
Q

Phototrophs

A

Uses light energy

38
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Use chemical energy
- Organotroph: use organic molecules
- Lithotroph: use inorganic molecules (e.g., CO2)

39
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self eater

40
Q

Heterotroph

A

Other eater

41
Q

Inorganic carbon means that the organism is an

A

Autotroph