Topic 1 Flashcards
Carolus Linnaeus
- The first taxonomist
BINOMAIAL NOMENCLATURE GUY - Not Linnaeus: The 5Kingdom separated organisms by anatomical, physiological and nutritional traits - morphological traits
The order of ranking (by Linnaeus)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)
The “Kingdoms” in the 5 Kingdom System
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
In the 5 kingdom system, the unicellular kingdoms are
Monera, Protista, Fungi
In the 5 kingdom system, the photosynthetic kingdoms are
Monera, Protista, Plantae
In the 5 kingdom system, the motile kingdoms are
Monera, Protista, Animalia
In the 5 kingdom system, the kingdoms with membrane-bound nuclei are
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
In the 5 kingdom system, the heterotrophic kingdoms are
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia
All life stores genetic information within
DNA molecules
What translates information within DNA molecules into proteins
Ribosomes (rRNA)
Mutations occur ___ over time
Randomly. Nucleotides are crucial to the function of the ribosome, but some can change
The nucleotide sequences of the ribosome gene among species can be compared and the more similar the sequences,
The more closely related the species are
The more different the nucleotide sequences
The longer since they diverged
Most of the time, mutations have what effect.
Sometimes, what effect?
Other times, what effect?
No change
Death
Beneficial (passes on to future generations)
The 3 Domain Classification separates groups based on
Genetic information, or DNA (based on similarities and differences in molecular information)
The “old” 3-Domain System is that
Archaea branched off from Eurkarya
The “new” 3-Domain System is that
Eukarya evolved from archaea (the archaea ancestors are called Asgardians, that engulfed a bacteria to form eukarya)
LUCA
Last universal common ancestor
The traits of Domain bacteria
- All prokaryotes
- All unicellular
- Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
- Small (1-5 micrometers)
The traits of Domain archaea
- All prokaryotes
- All unicellular
- Cell walls made up of pseudopeptidoglycan
- Small (1-5 micrometers)
The traits of Domain eukarya
- Eukaryotic cells
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Some have cell walls (e.g., pectin, chitin, cellulose)
- Large cells (10x than prokaryotes)
The differences between prok and euk are
- Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (pro does not)
- Eukaryotes have multiple linear DNA but prokaryotes are single circular DNA
- Eukaryotes have nucleus but pro does not
- 70S ribosomes VS 80S
The similarities between prok and euk are
- Use DNA
- Have cell membranes
- Have cytosol
Everytime a cell doubles in size
SA:V decreases by half
Why are prokaryotes so small
Diffusion
The cell’s surface is its
Cell membrane
Purpose of cell membrane
Site of nutrient exchange and energy generation. Also supports internal volume
Why is a high SA/V ratio good
Because rate of diffusion stays the same, so we want large SA but small V
Large cells with small SA:V CANT survive, how can eukaryotes be so large
They have membrane-bound organelles that increase SA and compartmentalize areas to store nutrients throughout the cell
Horizontal gene transfer
When a gene from one species becomes a part of the genome in another species
HGT is common between
Prokaryotes (but not eukaryotes)
Endosymbiosis Theory
The idea that some eukaryotic organelles were originally independent prokaryotic cells; an organism living inside another to benefit both
___ and ____ were likely formed when 2 organisms formed a relationship that benefited both and is now permanent
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
The process of endosymbiosis
- Host cell was an archaea-like prokaryote
- Endosymbiont (the organism that went inside) was a bacteria-like prokaryote, and very good a cell resp
- Archaea received ATP
- Bacteria received nutrients
- Host cell used extra E to develop an endomembrane system, and grew larger to become the first eukaryote
The 5 evidence for endosymbiotic theory (that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotes)
- The same size as moderm prokaryotes
- Have a single circular dsDNA molecule
- Divide by binary fission
- Have 70S ribosome gene
- Many current (endo)symbiotic associations exist
Prokaryote rRNA VS Mitochondrial rRNA VS Eukaryote rRNA
Mitochondrial is more similar to prokaryotes than mitochondrial is the eukaryote.
BUT Mitochondrial is more similar to eukaryote than prokaryote is to eukaryote
Phototrophs
Uses light energy
Chemotrophs
Use chemical energy
- Organotroph: use organic molecules
- Lithotroph: use inorganic molecules (e.g., CO2)
Autotrophs
Self eater
Heterotroph
Other eater
Inorganic carbon means that the organism is an
Autotroph
