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BIO 226 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why did Mendel get it right but not others?

A

He took the time to properly understand the variables of the experiment

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2
Q

How do some peas stay green and others yellow?

A

Mutation in Sgr prevents chlorophyll degradation

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3
Q

Why did Mendel choose the garden pea?

A

Easy to grow, short life cycle, mating could be controlled

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4
Q

7 characters Mendel studied

A

Round or wrinkled seeds
Yellow or green seeds
Yellow or green pods
Purple or white petals
Inflated or pinched pods
Axial or terminal flowers
Long or short stems

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5
Q

Why were the traits that Mendel chose lucky?

A

They were not linked and controlled by single genes

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6
Q

How did Mendel keep records of his experiments?

A

Counted # of offspring that had desired trait and kept track of generations

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7
Q

Controlled crosses

A

A way to track down the segregation and inheritance of traits down generations, and has predictable frequencies

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8
Q

First hybrid generation

A

F1

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9
Q

2 hybrid generation

A

F2

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10
Q

Mendelian laws apply to _______________

A

Any genetic cross/pedigree

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11
Q

What control step explains Mendel’s success?

A

Created true breeding lines (homozygous) for his desired traits

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12
Q

Monohybrid crosses

A

Crosses of 2 varities of true-breeding plants that differed in only one characteristic

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13
Q

What was Mendel’s 1st experiment?

A

Crossed a smooth pea and a wrinkled pea. F1 produced all smooth seeds. Then crossed F1pea and got mixture of smooth and wrinkled in a ratio 3:1

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14
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

1 phenotype, 1 possible genotype

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15
Q

Homozygous/heterozygous dominant

A

1 phenotype, 2 possible genotypes

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16
Q

Test cross

A

F1 hybrid is crossed with a recessive individual called the tester

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17
Q

If the info for a trait can be silenced, __________ cannot apply

A

Genetic blending

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18
Q

What is responsible for the distribution of dominant and recessive info?

A

Randomness

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19
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles of a gene separate independently from each other during transmission from parent to offspring
The dominat phenotype appears 100% in F! and follow the 3:1 ratio in F2

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20
Q

The principle of dominance

A

In a heterozygote, 1 allele may hide another

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21
Q

The principle of segregation

A

In a heterozygote, 2 different alleles segregate from each other during the formation of gametes

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22
Q

Probability of occurence of2 independent events =

A

probability of 1st event x probability of 2nd event

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23
Q

Probability of a particular genotype =

A

probability of obtaining a particular allele in the male gamete x the probability of obtaining a particular allele in the female gamete

24
Q

What are the frquencies in a test cross?

A

1:1

25
Q

Which generation directly shows evidence for dominance?

A

F1

26
Q

Which generation directly provides evidence for the independent segregation of alleles?

A

F2

27
Q

The multiplication rule (probability)

A

P(A&B) = P(A) X P(B)

28
Q

The additive rule - only 1 event occurs(probability)

A

P(A) + P(B) - [P(A) x P(B)]

29
Q

The additive rule - mutually exclusive (probabiliy)

A

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

30
Q

Dihybrid crosses

A

Crosses of varieties of true-breeding plants that differ in 2 characters

31
Q

What dihybrid cross did Mendel analysis?

A

Seed color (yellow and green) and seed shape (round and wrinkled)

32
Q

Dominance relationships are ______ altered by the presence of a second pair of factors

A

Not

33
Q

In dihybrid crosses, how many gamete combinations are possible?

A

4

34
Q

Parental phenotypes

A

Look same as parents

35
Q

Recombinant phenotype

A

Looks different than parents

36
Q

Dihybrid cross frequencies

A

9:3:3:1

37
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Alleles of 2 genes segregate independently during transmission from parent to offspring

38
Q

In order for 2 gene pairs to assort independently, they must be on __________ pairs of chromosomes

A

Different

39
Q

First mendelian law

A

Equal segregation of alleles

40
Q

2nd mendelian law

A

Independent assortment of alleles

41
Q

Will the phenotypic frequencies change if u switch the order of a recessive gamete and a dominant gamete?

A

No, the recessive and dominant traits will remain the same, even if the gametes switch places

42
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

of phenotypic classes - 1

43
Q

Monohybrid

A

3:1

44
Q

Dihybrid

A

9:3:3:1

45
Q

Trihybrid

A

27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1

46
Q

Test cross frequency

A

1:1:1:1

47
Q

Human genome

A

23 pairs of chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes
I pair of sex chromosomes

48
Q

Obstacles to human genetic analysis

A

Incomplete family records
Small # of progeny
Uncontrolled environment

49
Q

Pedigree

A

Diagrams that show the relationships among the members of a family and the inheritance pattern of a specific character/condition

50
Q

Haplosufficency

A

A heterozygote will make enough of the normal product encoded by the 1 wildtype allele and have a normal phenotype

51
Q

If no other info is given, what can u assume outsiders married to the family are?

A

Homozygous dominant

52
Q

Albinism

A

Deficient pigmentation due to inability to produce melanin (recessive)

53
Q

Example of haplosufficent gene

A

Albinism

54
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Serious disease caused by non-functional CFTR gene causes thick mucus to build upon lungs

55
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Caused by a mutant allele that is dominant over the normal allele

56
Q

Causes of autosomal dominance

A

Production of too much of a normal protein
Haplo-insufficiency
Production of an abnormal varient of a protein
Production of protein with some entirely new function

57
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A dominant form of dwarfism where homozygous dominant is lethal

BIO 226 (6 decks)

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