Topic 1 Flashcards by Adela Marie Capuso

noting skin changes, nodules, lesions, scarring, discolorations, inflammation, bruising, or striae.

Inspection

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used to determine the character, location, and frequency of bowel sounds and to identify vascular sounds.

Auscultation

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assess the size and density of the abdominal organs and to detect the presence of air-filled, fluid-filled, or solid masses.

Percussion

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Dullness

Liver, solid organs

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Tympany

Stomach (presence of air)

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3 types of percussion

Direct, Indirect, Blunt (sa kidney) (hand tapos close fist)

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Use of __________________ is appropriate for identifying areas of tenderness or muscular resistance

Light palpation

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used to identify masses

Deep palpation

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Non invasive or invasive
Guaiac tet

Non invasive

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test looks for hidden (occult) blood in a stool sample. It is the most common type of fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

guaiac test

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Collect a stool sample from

3 different bowel movement

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True or False
Take stool sanples from the toilet bowl water

FALSE
DO NOT take stool samples from the toilet bowl water. This can cause errors.

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type of Nuclear Medicine testing that uses a radioactive material to determine the structure of the liver, gallbladder and biliary ducts.

Hepatobiliary Scan with CCK

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a hormone typically released by the body after a meal—it forces the gallbladder to contract, allowing us to see how well it is functioning

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

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Normal value of Boold glucose

80-120mg/dl

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use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood.

Blood glucose monitoring

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High blood sugar levels can lead to long-term complications, including:

> heart disease
nerve damage
vision problems
poor blood flow
kidney disease

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Low blood sugar levels can also cause symptoms that include:

• confusion
• weakness
• dizziness
• jitters
• sweating

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procedure that examines the esophagus, stomach and first portion of the duodenum (small intestine) using a long flexible tube with a camera at the end of it.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

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Priority nursing for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD

Assessing for the return of the gag reflex

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Preparation for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

• NPO 6 hours prior to the procedure.
• Do not take any antacids, aspirin, or ibuprofen • Remove dentures (risk in aspiration)
• Sign an informed consent form

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procedure to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope—a long, flexible, lighted tube.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

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ERCP preparation include

• NPO for 8 hours before the procedure.
• Allergic to any medicines, latex, tape, or anesthesia.
• Allergic to iodine or contrast dye.
• Have a history of bleeding disorders or taking any blood-thinning medicines (anticoagulants)

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test to find out the cause of a blockage in your bile duct.

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC)

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Preparation for Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC)

• No taking of aspirin, clopidogrel, arthritis medicines, warfarin (Coumadin) • Allergic reaction to the contrast medium(dye) • Diabetic (inform doctor) • Asthma (inform doctor) • NPO for 4 to 6 hours

procedure in which a small needle is inserted into the liver to collect a tissue sample.

Liver Biopsy

A liver biopsy is most often performed to help identify the cause of:

• Persistent abnormal liver blood tests (liver enzymes). • Unexplained yellowing of the skin (jaundice). • A liver abnormality found on ultrasound, CT scan, or nuclear scan. • Unexplained enlargement of the liver.

Preparation for liver biopsy

• if the patient is pregnant, have a lung or heart condition, are allergic to any medications, or have bleeding problems. • Patient is taking blood-thinning medications

✓ Administering volume replacement ✓ Controlling the bleeding ✓ Maintaining surveillance for complications

Planning

potentially life-threatening abdominal emergency that remains a common cause of hospitalization.

Acute GI bleeding

collection of pus or infected fluid that is surrounded by inflamed tissue inside the belly. It can involve any abdominal organ or it can settle in the folds of the bowel.

Intra-abdominal Abscess

occurs when tissue fluid within the peritoneal and retroperitoneal space accumulates in such large volumes that the abdominal wall compliance threshold is crossed and the abdomen can no longer stretch.

Hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome

affect all body systems, most notably the cardiac, respiratory, renal, and neurologic systems.

Hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome

Hallmark symptoms of ACS include the 6 P's:

• Pain • Paresthesia • Poikilothermia • Pulselessness • Pallor • Paralysis

life-threatening condition that demands urgent medical care. It's most commonly caused by a hepatitis virus or drugs, such as acetaminophen.

Liver Failure

2 types of liver failure

Acute and Chronic

inflammatory condition of the pancreas that is painful and at times deadly.

Acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is most often linked to:

gallstones, drinking too much alcohol, unknown

specializing in the treatment of obesity

Bariatric

acute, major, life-threatening complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and ketonuria.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

build-up of acids in the blood. It can happen when the blood sugar is too high for too long.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Breath that smells fruity (like pear drop sweets, or nail varnish)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

refers to high levels of sugar, or glucose, in the blood. It occurs when the body does not produce or use enough insulin, which is a hormone that absorbs glucose into cells for use as energy.

HYPERGLYCEMIA

clinical condition that arises from a complication of diabetes mellitus It involves extremely high blood sugar (glucose) level without the presence of ketones

Hyperosmolar Non ketotic acidosis

fluid that patient have to put back to a former or original state.

Volume restoration

flexible plastic tube inserted through the nostrils, down the nasopharynx, and into the stomach or the upper portion of the small intestine.

Nasogastric suction tubes

Nasogastric tubes are used to

• Deliver nutrients to the patient via a feeding pump • Remove gastric contents

use of balloon tamponade in the control of active variceal bleeding comes as a last resort when other forms of therapy are not available or fail to achieve _________

hemostasis

use of balloon tamponade in the control of active variceal bleeding comes as a last resort when other forms of therapy are not available or fail to achieve hemostasis

Esophagogastric balloon tamponade tubes

reconstruction consists of a gastroduodenostomy in which the anastomosis is created between the gastric remnant and the duodenum

Billroth I

reconstruction consists of a gastrojejunostomy in which a side-to-side anastomosis is created between the gastric remnant and a loop of jejunum, with closure of the duodenal stump

Billroth II

procedure that may be used to reduce portal hypertension and its complications, especially variceal bleeding.

Trans jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

surgical procedure that removes a liver that no longer functions properly (liver failure) and replaces it with a healthy liver from a deceased donor or a portion of a healthy liver from a living donor

Liver transplantation

used to replenish electrolytes in body fluids, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride and bicarbonate.

Electrolyte replacement

process of fast restoring lost water (dehydration) to the body tissues and fluids.

Rapid hydration

rehydration can be by the ________________ or by the _____________ administration of fluids.

Oral route Intravenous

well-known natural treatment for diarrhea.

Ginger

The ___________________________ in ginger are known to help relieve gastrointestinal (GI) irritation, stimulate saliva and bile production, and suppress gastric contractions as food and fluids move through the GI tract.

Phenolic compounds

is rich in antioxidants including vitamins A, B, C and E, as well as carotenoids

Ampalaya

heard about every 5 to 20 seconds

Normal sounds

one or two sounds in 2 minutes

Hypoactive

five to six sounds heard in less than 30 seconds

Hyperactive

no sounds in 3 to 5 minutes) are frequently used in documentation

Absent

anything written or printed on which you rely as record or proof of patient actions and activities.

Documentation

Inform client that proper hand-washing prevents the spread of infection Counsel client about lifestyle and diet

Client Education