TOPIC 1 Flashcards
it is a branch of mathematics working with data, collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation.
STATISTICS
According to _________ statistics is a branch of mathematics working with data, collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation.
MUHREY, 2008
it is an application of statistics to problem in biological sciences health and medicine.
BIOSTATISTICS
Biostatistics is a tool for ___________
DECISION-MAKING
It is a science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusion from data according to Bluman, 2012.
STATISTICS
It consists of generalizing from samples to population, performing estimations and hypothesis
tests, determining relationships among variables and making predictions.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
It consists of collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Merely describing
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Uses probability.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Does not answer the “how?” and “why?” questions.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
It consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied.
POPULATION
A group of subjects selected from a population/ a representative from the entire population.
SAMPLE POPULATION
Decision making process for evaluating claims about a population based on information obtain from samples.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
It is a characteristic or attribute that can assume a different value e.g., gender, intelligence quotient.
VARIABLE
values (measurement or observations) that a variable can assume.
DATA
collection of data
DATA SET
Use of Data
DESCRIPTIVE OR INFERENTIAL
Types of Data
QUALITATIVE and QUANTITATIVE {DISCRETE & CONTINUOS}
Variables that can be placed into distinct categories according to some characteristic or
attribute.
QUALITATIVE DATA
Assume values that can be counted.
DISCRETE DATA
Can assume an infinite number of values between and two specific values.
CONTINUOS DATA
What are the levels of measurement?
NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL, and RATIO
Classifies data into mutually exclusive
(non-overlapping) categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
NOMINAL
Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
ORDINAL
Ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero.
INTERVAL
Possessed all the characteristics of interval measurement and there exists a time zero.
RATIO
Differences between
measurement, time zero
exists.
RATIO
Differences between
measurement but no time
zero
INTERVAL
Ordered categories ranking
order/scaling
ORDINAL
Categories (no ordering or
direction)
NOMINAL
Marital status
NOMINAL
Service quality. Rating
student letter grades
ORDINA
Temperature in Fahrenheit,
standardized exam score
INTERVAL
Height, age, weekly food
spending
RATIO
Classification; no order
NOMINAL
Ranking; no absolute value but only order,
discrete
ORDINAL
Score/mark; no absolute zero
INTERVAL
Has absolute zero; continuous
RATIO
Research is a….
-problem solving activity.
- Follows scientific method of inquiry.
- Involves collection of data to answer scientific inquiry that will lead us into and informed
decision or discoveries.
Categories of Data
-ACCORDING TO SOURCE
-ACCORDING TO RELATIONSHIP
-USES
