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SNAB Bio > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Properties of Water

A

Solvent
Cohesive
Good transport medium
Dipole molecule with ability to dissolve ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules
H2O joined by shared electrons
Shared hydrogen e-‘s pulled to oxygen
Other side of hydrogen has (slight) +ve charge
Unshared oxygen electrons (slight) -ve charge

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2
Q

Mass Transport Systems

A

For Multicellular organism
Carry raw materials from exchange organs
Remove metabolic waste

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3
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same type

Helps water to ‘flow’ (great for transport)

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4
Q

Solvency

A

+ve dipole end attracts -ve ion, -ve dipole end attracts +ve ion
Ion totally surrounded by H2O -> dissolves

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5
Q

Right side of the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood -> lungs

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6
Q

Left side of the heart

A

Oxygenated blood -> head and body

Left ventricle = thicker more muscular walls (needs to contract more powerfully)

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7
Q

Ventricles

A

Thicker walls than atria (need to push blood up and out of the heart)

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8
Q

Atria-Ventricular valves

A

Stop blood flowing back into atria

Cords attach them to the ventricles to prevent them being forced up into the atria when the ventricles contract

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9
Q

Semi-Lunar valves

A

Stop blood backflow into the heart

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10
Q

Valves

A

Help blood flow in one direction
Present in the heart and veins
Pressure behind a valve -> forces it open
Pressure in front of a valve (greater than behind) -> forced shut.

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11
Q

Arteries

A

Thick muscular wall -> high pressure maintenance and recoil
Thick elastic wall -> allows for recoil (pulse of blood)
Endothelum layer (folded) -> smooths blood flow (reduces friction); helps artery expansion
Narrow lumen -> high blood pressure
Takes oxygenated blood away from the heart (except with pulmonary artery)

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12
Q

Veins

A

Little elastic/muscle tissue -> no pulse to blood and lower pressure
Blood flow aided by musco-skeletal contractions
Valves prevent blood backflow
Wide lumen allow for a blood reservoir
Takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except for pulmonary veins)

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13
Q

Capillaries

A

Single endothelium layer (1 cell thick)
Metabolic exchange surface (cells capillaries)
Networks in tissues (capillary beds)
Increased surface area
Faster diffusion pathway
Steep concentration gradient provided for exchange

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14
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Ventricular Diastole and Atrial Systole
  2. Ventricular Systole and Atrial Diastole
  3. Cardiac Diastole
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15
Q

Ventricular Diastole/Atrial Systole

A

Ventricles relax
Atria contract -> increased pressure/decreased volume
Blood pushed into ventricles -> slight increase in ventricular pressure + Chamber volume, ventricles receive blood

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16
Q

Ventricular Systole/Atrial Diastole

A

Atria relax
Ventricles contract -> increase pressure/decreased volume
Pressure higher in ventricles than atria and aorta/pulmonary veins -> forces AV valves to shut (lub noise) + opens SL valves

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17
Q

Cardiac Diastole

A

Ventricles + Atria relax
Higher pressure in Aorta and Pulmonary Arteries -> shuts SL Valves (dub noise)
Atria fill again -> increased atrial pressure
Ventricles continue to relax -> falls below atrial pressure
AV valves open -> passive blood flow into ventricles
Atria contract

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18
Q

Cardiac cycle takes?

A

0.8 seconds

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19
Q

Why is pressure greater in the left ventricle?

A

More muscle on the left side of the heart
Blood has to be pumped all around the body
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs -> requires less pressure to prevent damage
Subsequently Aortic pressure is higher than pressure in the Pulmonary Artery.

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20
Q

Atheroma formation

A
  1. Damage to endothelium (e.g. by toxins from smoking)
  2. Inflammatory response (e.g. macrophages) and increased risk of blood clotting
  3. White blood cells + lipids clump together under endothelium -> fatty streaks
  4. With the adition of calcium salts and fibers -> fibrous plaque = atheroma
  5. Partially blocks lumen, restricts blood flow -> blood pressure increased (increased likelihood of endothelial damage)
  6. Arteries harder due to decreased ability to recoil caused by atheroma presence -> atherosclerosis.
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21
Q

Thrombosis

A
  1. Atheroma ruptures the endothelium -> leaves rough surface
  2. Triggers thrombosis -> blood clot forms at rupture
  3. Clot can completely block artery; or dislodge & block elsewhere
  4. Blood flow severely restricted to tissues
  5. Possible cause: Heart attack, Stroke, Deep vein thrombosis
    Note thrombosis = blood clotting
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22
Q

Clotting cascade

A
  1. Platelets form a plug at damage site
  2. Blood vessels + platelets release Thromboplastin (protein)
  3. Thromboplastin + Calcium ions + Vitamin K (from Plasma) allow conversion: Prothrombin (soluble protein) -> Thrombin (enzyme)
  4. Thrombin catalyses soluble Fibrinogen -> insoluble Fibrin
  5. Fibrin fibres tangle together, forming mesh entangling RBC’s and platelets -> clot blood
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23
Q

Heart Attacks

A

Blood to heart = coronary arteries
Blood clot -> area cut of; oxygen starved
Myocardial Infarction:
-damage/death to heart muscle
-pain in chest + upper body, shortness of breath, sweating
-large areas -> complete heart failure

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24
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Lots of atheromas
Restricted blood flow
Increased thrombosis risk
Increase myocardial infraction risk

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25
Q

Stroke

A

Rapid loss of brain function

Thrombosis in brain/related artery (e.g. carotid) causing blood flow to be cut off

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26
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Blood clot deep inside the body (e.g. leg veins)
Caused by prolonged inactivity (e.g. long haul flights)
Risk increases with age

27
Q

CVD lifestyle factors

A

Diet:
- high saturated fats (increased LDL cholesterol)
- high in salt (blood pressure increase)
High blood pressure (over 140/90mmHg):
- damage to artery walls
- endothelium/oxidative stress caused by alcohol consumption
Smoking:
- [CO] combines with haemoglobin, reducing O2 transport -> depletes availability
- Nicotine -> sticky platelets & increased thrombosis risk
- decreases amount of antioxidants (protect cells from damage)
Inactivity/Lack of Exercise:
- increased blood pressure (heart pumps with more strain)
Genetics: particular alleles
Age:
- decreased lumen
- plaque more readily builds up (+ longtime build up)
Gender:
- Men (x3) more likely than pre-menstrual women (Oestrogen increases levels of good cholesterol)

28
Q

Risk

A

The chance of something unfavourable happening
Statistical chance
Supported by scientific research

29
Q

Risk Perception vs Actual Risk

A

Overestimate due to constant Exposure (through social media e.g, news)
Unfamiliar
Involuntary
Unfair
Underestimate (lack of information)
Reliance on own experience vs facts
Hard to perceive

30
Q

Treatment of CVD

A
  1. Antihypertensives
    - Beta blockers
    - Calcium Channel Blockers
    - Diuretics
  2. Statins
  3. Anticoagulants
  4. Platelet Inhibitory drugs
31
Q

What are Anti-hypertensives?

A

Reduces high blood pressure

32
Q

Anti-hypertensives: Benefits vs Risks

A

B: Combo different ones
- home monitoring
R: Palpatations
- abnormal heart rhythm
- fainting
- headaches
- drowsiness
-> blood pressure becomes too low
- depression
- allergic reactions

33
Q

Statins

A

Reduce amount of LDL cholestrol produced inside the liver by inhibiting an enzyme involved in its production
B: Reduce atheroma formation
R: Muscle + joint pain
- digestive system issues
- increased risk of diabetes
- nosebleeds, headaches, nausea

34
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Reduce blood clotting by reducing platelet ‘stickiness’
e.g. Warfarin and Heparin
B: Treat those who already have clots or CVD -> prevent existing clots from growing larger & new ones forming (cannot remove them)
R: excessive bleeding
- osteoporosis
- swelling of tissue
- fetal damage

35
Q

Platelet Inhibitory Drugs

A

Anticoagulant that reduces platelet clumping and thrombosis
e.g. aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
B: Reduce thrombosis -> lessen onset of CVD
R: Rashes
-Diarrhea
- Liver failure
- Excessive bleeding

36
Q

Energy budget

A

Amount of energy taken in by an organism

(-) the amount of energy used up by the organism

37
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Comprised of monosaccharides (single sugar units) -> polysaccharides
Cx(H2O)n = general formula

38
Q

Glucose

A

Hexose Sugar
Carbon ring (5C in ring)
Two forms: α and β
Soluable -> easily transported
Formula = C6H12O6

39
Q

Possible effects of an atheroma

A

Increased blood pressure - causes damage to kidneys, retina, + can cause strokes

Aneurysm - Increase bp caused by atheroma can lead to bursting of artery + internal bleeding

Angina - Chest pain felt during excerise. Caused by reduced blood flow to heart due to narrowing of coronary arteries

Heart attack - Blockage of coronary artery, usually by a clot, causing part of the heart to become starved of oxygen + die

Stroke - Interruption to blood supply of brain which can cause paralysis or death

40
Q

Two main types of studies

A

Cohort or case-control

41
Q

Features of a case-control study

A

A group with the condition (cases) is compared to a group without it (control)

Past histories of the two groups are investigated

The study will only have validity if the two groups are matched for other factors such as age and sex

42
Q

Features of a cohort study

A

Follow a large number of people over an extended period of time

Subjects are monitored to see if they develop the condition

Cohort then divided into groups - those with + without condition

Subjects interviewed to assess their risk factors

Correlation between risk factors + development of condition looked for

43
Q

Disaccharides

A

Join together via glycosidic bonds
Formed in condensation reactions (loss of H2O molecule)
Reversed via hydrolysis
Less Soluable
Bonds have more energy

44
Q

Galactose

A

Is a monosaccaride hexose sugar as it contains 6 carbons
Has the formula C6H12O6
Has almost the same structure of glucose except the -H and -OH on the 5th carbon are swapped

45
Q

Maltose

A

Disaccharide
2 x alpha glucose
1-4 glycosidic bond

46
Q

Lactose

A

Disaccharide
Beta glucose + galactose
1-4 glycosidic bond

47
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide
Alpha glucose + fructose
1-2 glycosidic bond

48
Q

Amylose

A

Unbranched Polysaccharide
Alpha glucose (1-4 glycosidic bonds)
Straight chain -> coils due to hydrogen bonding
Compact = good storage
Slow energy release

49
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched polysaccharide
Alpha glucose (1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds)
1-6 glycosidic bonds cause side branches
Side branches -> quicker energy release (easier enzyme access)

50
Q

Glycogen

A

Essentially amylopectin but even more side branches
Insoluable in water (does not impact osmotic potential/cause cell swelling)
Animal glucose store
Very compact (but large molecule -> lots of glucose)

51
Q

Starch

A

Amylose + Amylopectin
Plant glucose store
Coiled structure -> compact store (lots of glucose)
Two energy release speeds due to combined polysaccharides
Insoluable -> does not impact cell osmotic potential

52
Q

Fructose

A

Hexose sugar
5 ring (4 carbons in, two out)

53
Q

Triglycerides

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Joined by three ester bonds
Formed via condesation reactions
3 H2O lost (OH from fatty acid, 3H from glycerol)

54
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Long hydrocarbon tails

Hydrophobic

55
Q

Saturated Lipids

A

Animal fats (usually)
No double bond between C atoms in hydrocarbon tails
Diet high in them increases CVD risk (higher cholesterol level)

56
Q

Unsaturated Lipids

A

Plant fats (usually)
Melt at lower temperatures
Double C bond in tails -> kink in chain
Two+ kinks = polyunsaturated

57
Q

High blood cholesterol

A

Increases CVD risk
Cholestrol = lipid made in the body (liver)
Some recquired for cell function (used in membrane)
Attaches to protein to move = Lipoprotein

58
Q

Lipoprotein

A

HDL = High density lipoprotein
LDL = Low density lipoprotein
High combo = risk
High LDL = risk

59
Q

HDL

A

Mainly protein
Cholesterol from body tissues transported to liver
- recycled
- excreted
Reduce blood cholesterol when too high (mops up ‘bad’ LDL)

60
Q

LDL

A

Mainly lipid
Cholesterol from liver -> blood (circulates)
Increase blood cholesterol levels when too low
Needs to be lower to be considered ‘healthy’

61
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Slow down the heart by blocking the action of hormones such as adrenaline

62
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Treat high bp

63
Q

Diuretics

A

drugs that increase urine production in the kidneys, promoting the removal of salt and fluid from the body

SNAB Bio (1 decks)

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