Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chem Unit 4 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Structure of Organic Compounds — Name stems

A

Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept, Oct, Non, Dec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Haloalkane

A

F, Cl, Br, I

Fluoro-
Chloro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

-anol or hydroxyl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aldehyde

A

O
||
—C—H

-anal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ketone

A

O
||
—C—

-anone or oxo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Carboxyl

A

O
||
—C—OH

-anoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ester

A

O
||
—C—O—R’

alkyl -oate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amine

A

-NH₂

-anamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amide

A

O
||
—C—NH₂

-anamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nitriles

A

—C=_N

-nitrile or cyano-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of Organic Compounds — Prefix-stem-suffix

A
  • Remember prefixes di, tri, tetra
  • Remember alphabetical if more than one func group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Homologous series definition

A

Same functional group but different number of carbon atoms in the main chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Homologous series trends

A

Increasing carbons —> increase in electrons available for dispersion forces —> increase in melting and boiling points

Isomerism: Branched reduces surface area when compared to straight.

Polarity affected by chain length, not hydrogen bonding. Only solubility in water is affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alcohols (properties)

A

Hydroxyl group can hydrogen bond with water and other alcohols.

Primary > Secondary > Tertiary

Methanol, ethanol and propanol are still soluble in water (not too many hydrophobic parts)

BP, MP increases as chain length increases (more electrons, more dispersion force)

Diols and Triols can have more hydrogen bonding, thus greater MP/BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aldehyde/Ketones (properties)

A

Carbonyl group can form H bonds with water

First 3 members of homologous series are miscible in water

No H bonds with each other

Ketones have higher BP due to greater dipole-dipole interactions (stronger partial charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Carboxylic acids (properties)

A

First 4 members of homologous series are miscible in water

Carboxyl group can form 2 H bonds, one from hydroxyl and another from carbonyl
- Higher BP/MP than alcohols
- Stronger hydrogen bonds than alcohols

Can ionise in water, making it very soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Esters (properties)

A

Methyl methanoate, methyl ethanoate, and methyl propanoate are miscible in water
- polar bond between oxygen and carbon atoms

Lack of hydroxyl group gives similar properties to aldehydes/ketones (lower
melting/boiling point than alcohols and carboxylic acids)

18
Q

Amines (properties)

A

Weak base

Primary and secondary amines can hydrogen bond –> comparable boiling points to
aldehydes and ketones due to N-H hydrogen bond being weaker than O-H.

Primary > Secondary > Tertiary

Tertiary has comparable melting and boiling points to hydrocarbons

Beyond fourth member of primary/secondary amines –> miscibility in water drops
off

19
Q

Amides (properties)

A

Highest melting/boiling points of any organic compound due to both hydrogen bond
and dipole-dipole capability

Non-bonding electron pair interacts with the oxygen atom to create strong polarity
within molecule –> Very overall polar structure

Tertiary amides do not have hydrogen bonding –> only strong dipole-dipole

More soluble in water than carboxylic acids

20
Q

Halogens (properties)

A

Increasing halogen mass = more electron shells/greater atomic mass = more
dispersion = less volatility

Haloalkanes: Higher boiling points than hydrocarbons –> polar interactions
- Heavier halogens = greater dispersion

21
Q

Triglycerides (Lipids)

A

Have slightly polar parts and very non-polar parts –> can interact with molecules that are similar
- E.g. propanone has a slightly polar carbonyl group and 2 non-polar methyl groups. This enables the ‘like dissolves like’ rule to apply, where the non- polar parts and the polar parts interact.

However, water is entirely polar, and the non-polar part of triglycerides has a much greater effect than the polar part. This makes triglycerides unable to dissolve in water.

22
Q

ORP — ADDITION

A

Adding substituents across a carbon multiple bond (unsaturated molecule) to make a saturated molecule

23
Q

ORP — Hydrogenation

A

Adding H₂ to a multiple bond.

Pt/Pd CATALYST : HEAT(150°C) : NO PRESSURE

Alkynes —> H₂ immediately saturates but can use inhibitor to prevent formation of saturated alkane

24
Q

ORP — Halogenation

A

Adding diatomic halide Br₂ or Cl₂ to a multiple bond —> dihaloalkane

NO CATALYST : NO HEAT : NO PRESSURE

Alkynes —> dihaloalkene —> haloalkane (4 halogens)

Chemical testing (alkene vs alkane): Bromine agent is orange —> colour disappears during reaction, indicating hydrocarbon is unsaturated

25
Q

ORP — Hydrohalogenation

A

Adding hydrogen halide molecule HBr or HCl to a multiple bond.

NO CATALYST : NO HEAT : NO PRESSURE

Markovnikov Rule: Since hydrohalides are asymmetrical, if the unsaturated hydrocarbon is also asymmetrical, different products can form

Stipulation: Hydrogen bonds with the (multiple bond) carbon with the most hydrogens, halogen bonds to the carbon with the least hydrogens (90% Markovnikov & 10% non-Markovnikov product)

26
Q

ORP — Hydration

A

Adding water molecule H2O to carbon double bond.

STRONG ACID CATALYST : 300°C : 60atm

27
Q

ORP — Polymerisation

A

Self addition vs condensation reactions of monomers to form a polymer

28
Q

ORP — Haloalkane elimination (tertiary haloalkane)

A

Ripping hydrogen halide molecule from two adjacent carbons with Na/K Hydroxide.
- higher concentration of hydroxide + higher temperature favours elimination rather than substitution

ETHANOL PREDOMINANT SOLVENT : HIGH HEAT : NO PRESSURE

Reflux: Reaction vessel condenses evaporated gases to maintain liquid state.

29
Q

ORP — Alcohol elimination (dehydration)

A

Ripping OH and adjacent hydrogen (H2O) from a primary/secondary alcohol to form an alkene.

SULFURIC ACID CATALYST : HIGH HEAT

30
Q

ORP — Oxidation of alcohols

A

Loss of hydrogen atoms/gain in oxygen atoms (reduction always present, reagent is reduced)
Acidified permanganate or dichromate solutions.

31
Q

ORP — Primary alcohol oxidation

A

Loses two hydrogen to form carbonyl group (aldehyde)
Gains one oxygen to form carboxylic acid group

Increasing heat favours carboxylic acid production.

32
Q

ORP — Secondary alcohol oxidation

A

Loses two hydrogen to form carbonyl group (ketone)
Cannot be oxidised further as only hydrogens can be replaced.

33
Q

ORP — Permanganate and dichromate colour

A

Permanganate: Purple —> colourless
Dichromate: Orange —> Green

34
Q

ORP — Complete Combustion Reaction vs Incomplete

A

Fuel + Oxygen to produce Carbon dioxide and water
- CONDITIONS: Plentiful supply of oxygen

Incomplete:
Forms carbon monoxide/carbon instead of CO2

35
Q

ORP — Reduction

A

Gain of hydrogen atoms/loss of oxygen atoms (oxidation always present, reagent is oxidised)

HYDROGENATION

Nitrile Reduction: Using lithium aluminium hydride/sodium bromohydride in presence of water to form amine
- HIGH PRESSURE : HIGH TEMPERATURE : CATALYST
- Hydrogenation also works

36
Q

ORP — Condensation

A

Two molecules combine to form a bigger molecule + water byproduct
Hydroxyl group is dropped by carboxylic acids

37
Q

ORP — Esterification

A

Carboxyl + alcohol: All components are liquid, included in Kc

SULPHURIC ACID CATALYST : HEAT : NO PRESSURE

Carboxylic acid forms the main chain, while the alcohol forms the R chain

38
Q

ORP — Ester hydrolysis

A

Acidic conditions: Proceeds normally and forms full carboxylic acid + alcohol
Basic conditions: Incomplete carboxylic acid anion + alcohol

39
Q

ORP — Amide synthesis

A

Carboxylic acid + amine

Tertiary amine cannot form —> hydrogen from amine required to form water from carboxylic acid OH group

NO CATALYST : HEAT : NO PRESSURE

40
Q

ORP — Amide hydrolysis

A

Acidic conditions: Amide + H2O + HCl —> Carboxylic acid + amine

41
Q

ORP — Substitution of alkanes

A

Replacing a SINGLE hydrogen atom with a halogen
- REQUIRES UV LIGHT/HEAT

Can be repeated to form a dihaloalkane (replaces another hydrogen)

UV light breaks the Cl—Cl into highly reactive free radicals

42
Q

ORP — Substitution of haloalkanes

A

Halogen atom replaced by electron-rich species called a nucleophile.
Ethanol solvent, heat

Substitution with ammonia can form amine (and ammonium halide byproduct)

Chem Unit 4 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions