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History: India 1914-48 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the percentage of Hindus in India (1914) ?

A

70%

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2
Q

What are princely states?

A

Nominally sovereign entities of the British Indian Empire that were not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule.

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3
Q

Who was at the bottom of the Caste system?

A

Untouchables

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4
Q

Why was religion in India divided?

A

Because brits set different groups apart from each other often in mutual misunderstanding and distrust.

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5
Q

Who formed the largest minority group in India?

A

Muslims (around 20%).

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6
Q

Where were Muslims in a majority?

A

North East and North West.

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7
Q

when was the Indian National Congress created?

A

1885

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8
Q

When was the Muslim League created?

A

1906

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9
Q

How did Indians respond to the outbreak of WW1?

A

Offers of support poured from Congress, the Muslim League and the princely states

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10
Q

How many princely states put their armies at the disposal of the British?

A

27

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11
Q

Who was the leader of extremist faction in Congress that declared his loyalty?

A

Bal Tilak

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12
Q

What did Gandhi do and what was he at the time?

A

He urged Indians to give service in order to show their desire to share in the responsibilities of membership of the British Empire. He was a little-known lawyer.

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13
Q

Where did many Indian troops sail off to? Why?

A

Flanders, Gallipoli and Mesopotamia. In order to serve overseas as combatants and support staff.

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14
Q

How many Indians had enlisted by November 1918?

A

827,000

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15
Q

How many Indian soldiers died in the war?

A

64,500 Indians

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16
Q

What were the attitudes to fighting?

A

for most Indian soldiers, going to war was part of their ancestral tradition of obligation to whoever was their emperor, for others it was an honour - martyrdom, or others it was a simple way of earning some form of concessions, compensation as well as some respect.

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17
Q

Did India become a crucial source of supply for the Allied cause during WW1?

A

Yes, India poured men and materials into the war effort.

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18
Q

How many million £ did India attribute in revenues for the war effort and in war loans?

A

£144 million in revenues, £35 million in war loans

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19
Q

By how much did prices of food grains rise by?

A

90%

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20
Q

What did the rise in the prices of food grains lead many to?

A

theft and minor riots

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21
Q

By how much did the prices of Indian made goods rise by?

A

60%

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22
Q

examples of necessities that were Indian-made that were unaffordable due to the taxations etc?

A

clothing

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23
Q

how many Indians had been recruited into combatant and non-combatant roles?

A

1.5 million

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24
Q

how many animals had been sent overseas?

A

184,000

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25
Q

what did Indians do in the Mesopotamia campaign?

A

They campaigned against the Ottoman Turks in Iraq

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26
Q

What happened to troops in Iraq (Mesopotamia)?

A

They were badly led and under-equipped - as Indian industry was not geared up to the production of weapons and vehicles and the Allies could not afford to divert supplies from Europe.

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27
Q

Did the British surrender when in Mesopotamia? and if so what happened?

A

Yes they did, they were forced to march in the desert where hundreds died.

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28
Q

was the Indian contributions very strong and successful?

A

yes: great economic; political and military contributions, Indians were loyal and dutiful - stable situation
no: unstable situation - the Ghadar Mutiny, Montagu Declaration + Home Rule Leagues

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29
Q

What was the Ghadar Mutiny and what did it result in?

A

a mutiny in punjab, intended to end the British Raj. - resulted in 5000 arrests and 46 hangings.
It contributed to the British anxieties.

30
Q

Montagu Declaration 1917.

A

it claimed to compensate Indians with some form of self government in consequence of their war efforts - IT NEVER OCCURRED + NO TIME SCALE WAS GIVEN - this suggestion was futile and entailed that the Indian contributions were insufficient.

31
Q

Home Rule Leagues.

A

A movement passed from 1916-18 - founded by Besant (British socialist) and Tilak (extremist) in order to achieve self-government

32
Q

How many supporters did the Home Rule Leagues attract?

A

32,000

33
Q

Montagu Declaration of 1917 - main points

A

It proposed the increased participation of Indians in the administration and the development of self-governing institutions - the declaration committed the British government to granting some form of self determination to India

34
Q

What did the Defence of India Act 1915 intend to do?

A

It intended to curtail the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and after the war (1)

35
Q

Main points of The Rowlatt Acts

A
  • trial by judges sitting without jury
  • censorship
  • house arrest of suspects
36
Q

How did Montagu react to the Rowlatt Acts?

A

He sanctioned the Act with extreme reluctance

37
Q

How were the British seen ‘carrot and stick approach’?

A

Duplicitous:

carrot: Montagu Declaration
stick: Rowlatt Act

38
Q

What were organised in consequence of the acts?

A

hartals (protests)

39
Q

What triggered riots during the interim (1919)?

A

the arrest of Dr Kitchlew and Dr Pal - anti-raj protests

40
Q

what happened during these riots?

A

the situation was anarchic and chaotic: banks were stormed, buildings fired at and three Europeans killed

41
Q

Where were the British ‘losing’ control?

A

Amritsar

42
Q

who was the mission doctor that was brutally beaten and saved and treated by Hindus?

A

Sherwood

43
Q

How many people died/ were wounded in consequence of the Amritsar Massacre?

A

Dead: 400 Wounded: 1500

44
Q

For how long did the troops fire without pause at the Indians?

A

10-15 minutes

45
Q

What festival was happening on the 13 April 1919?

A

Baisakhi day

46
Q

What happened after the notorious atrocity (massacre)?

A

Dyer set about establishing martial law - after this, actions were approved by the General

47
Q

What did the martial law consist of?

A

Salaam: Indians had to bow down whenever they came across a European

48
Q

what was the crawling order? who imposed it?

A

Dyer imposed the ‘Crawling Order’ where Indians had to crawl to pass by the narrow road where Sherwood was assaulted

49
Q

Was martial law offensive, and was it meant to be?

A

Martial law was offensive to Hindus - Dyer intended it to be as such

50
Q

Was the Amritsar Massacre a watershed’/turning point?

A

It was - one of the most significant ones! - rise in NATIONALISM

51
Q

Impact in Britain (Amritsar Massacre)?

A

Hunter Commission - The commission was formed to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre event.

52
Q

what happened to Dyer, and was he repentant?

A

Dyer was forced to resign and was unrepentant

53
Q

Impact in India (Amritsar Massacre)?

A

Congress set up the Punjab Sub-Committee - it examined 1700 witnesses and published 650 verified statements. THEIR FINAL REPORT WHICH INCLUDED GRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPHS, AMOUNTED TO A SAVAGE INDICTMENT OF THE WAY IN WHICH INDIA WAS GOVERNED AND WAS CALCULATED TO AROUSE DEEP FEELINGS OF ANGER AND RESENTMENT AMONG THE INDIAN SUBJECTS OF THE RAJ

54
Q

Who was the Government of India 1919 issued by and what was it?

A

Montagu and Chelmsford (a report)

55
Q

What were the main parts of the Gov of India Act 1919?

A

Dyarchy

  • The provincial and central legislative councils were enlarged
  • The British retained control of military matters, foreign affairs, currency, communications and criminal law
  • Franchise was extended (10% of the male population was enfranchised)
  • reserved seats for Muslims, Christians, Sikhs…
  • women (some) could now vote
56
Q

Hindu reaction to the gov of India act 1919

A

Hindus hated the idea of ‘reserved seats’, believing this to be divisive, anti-democratic and inappropriate in a society that was working towards democracy on the Western European model

57
Q

who else did not like the gov of India act much?

A

those hoping for home rule, they were bitterly disappointed

58
Q

what did congress do (gov of India act)

A

congress rejected it and boycotted the first elections held under the act

59
Q

what was the Lucknow pact?

A

The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures.

60
Q

was there a sense of rapprochement in consequence of the Lucknow pact

A

yes a great sense!

61
Q

was the Lucknow pact simply an agreement?

A

yes, because neither the Muslim League nor Congress had the power to impose it.

62
Q

what year was the Lucknow pact made?

A

1916

63
Q

who was an important figure in the Lucknow pact?

A

Jinnah, he worked tirelessly to bring about rapprochement between Congress and Muslim League (in the pursuit of a common aim: self-government)

64
Q

who led the Lucknow pact?

A

jinnah

65
Q

did Jinnah agree with the idea of separate electorates?

A

no, he was secular

66
Q

who did the home rule leagues attract

A

Jinnah and many Congress members

67
Q

what was the greatest consequence of the Amritsar massacre (apart from the Hunter commission and Punjab-sub committee)?

A

the emergence of Gandhi and his hartals/satyagraha

68
Q

why did the satyagraha (1919) consequently fail?

A

hartals were held to a greater or lesser extent, in most of India’s provinces (lack of geographical support), there was lots of violence in Gujarat and Punjab - Gandhi immediately called for a stop to the Rowlatt satyagraha but the violence continued

69
Q

why did the satyagraha (1919) consequently succeed?

A

Many loyal Indians turned against the Raj. -> From Anglophiles to anti-Raj

70
Q

why was the Amritsar massacre so significant, what did it reveal?

A

Indians believed it revealed and shed light on the true nature of the British rule

History: India 1914-48 (4 decks)

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