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Topic 1 - Elizabeth > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was nobility

A
  • great landowners
  • wealthy
  • huge influence
  • 50 families
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2
Q

What was gentry

A
  • lesser landowners
  • social elite
  • owned land
  • 10,000
  • no other work
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3
Q

What was yeomen

A

Owned there own land

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4
Q

What were tenant farmers

A

Rented land from land owners

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5
Q

What were merchants and professionals?

A

Wealthy merchants then professionals
Eg. Lawyer, doctor
- 30,000 families

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6
Q

What were skilled craftsmen

A

Skilled employees and trainees

- in guilds on the standard of their trade

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7
Q

What where the landless labourers ans unskilled workers

A

Could join from bad harvests/illnesses
Eg, leather trade (forced into)
500,000 families

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8
Q

What were the 4 classes

A

Gentlemen
Middling sort
Yeomen
Fourth sort

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9
Q

Who were in the gentlemen class

A

Nobility
Lords
Gentry

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10
Q

Who were in the middling sort

A

Merchants
Master craftsmen
Professionals

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11
Q

Who were in the yeomen class

A

Owned there own land

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12
Q

Who was un the fourth sort class

A

Vagrants
Landless labourers
Unskilled workers
Tenants

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13
Q

Evidence to support that Elizabeth was well educated and intelligent

A

Learnt Greek, latin, french and Italian

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14
Q

Evidence to show that Elizabeth could cope in stressful situations

A

When Elizabeth was accused of a treason she kept calm when writing to mary

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15
Q

What were the doubts about Elizabeth as queen

A

Women were viewed as weak
She was seen as illegitimate
She was unmarried and without an heir

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16
Q

Evidence to show that women were viewed as week in the Elizabethan period

A
  • in the 16th century it was believed that woman should be wise and silent, obedient and domestic under authority of men. Physically, intellectually and emotionally inferior to men.
  • female rulers were seen as unnatural and a liability.
  • thought that they were not strong enough to dispense justice, make harsh decisions, declare war, lead armies, keep powerful nobles under control.
  • marys 1 reign seemed to confirm beliefs because she got England into war.
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17
Q

What was Elizabeths response to ‘women were viewed as weak’

A

Elizabeth couldn’t do anything to immediately solve the problem unless she married immediately and handed power to husband.
Only was to address gender problem would be to prove she was a good ruler as any man and win over critics

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18
Q

Evidance to show that Elizabeth ‘was seen as illegitimate’

A

E. Farther, Henrys Vlll had made himself head of the english church so he could divorce his first wife and marry Anne Boleyn. (Pope didn’t authorise)
Some catholics didn’t believe e. Had a legitimate claim to the throne as the pope didn’t authorise divorce , some believed that henry and annes marriage wasn’t valid

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19
Q

What was e. Response to ‘illegitimacy’

A

Little she could do s even marriage and children couldnt change the legitimate of his parents marriage so she needed to win people over.

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20
Q

Evidence to explain the reason that e. Problem of being ‘ unmarried and without an heir’

A

People expected e. To marry quick and have children to ensure political stability
In the early weeks of her reign E. turned down two potential husbands as she wanted to focus on her immediate problems of war with France and religious settlement

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21
Q

What was e. Response to her problem of being ‘unmarried and without an heir’

A

Elizabeth decided not to marry .regardless of who she chose to marry it would’ve caused more problems

  • English nobleman would’ve been problematic as it would have caused anger and jealousy among other nobles
  • yet marrying a foreign suit would be problematic as most were catholic and she didn’t want to anger her Protestant subjects
  • later in her reign she said she was married to England
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22
Q

Local government: lords lieutenants?

A

Chosen by monarch
Nobility and or privy council
Raised, trained local military
Oversaw policies and country defences

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23
Q

Local government: justices of peace (JPs)

A 
Large land owners 
Kept law and order in their local area 
Unpaid
Reported to privy council
Popular job
Made sure all social and economic policies happened
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24
Q

Examples of the monarchs power

A

Punished criminals
Declare war + make peace
Call, dismiss parliament
Reject laws

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25
Q

Limits on the monarchs power

A

No full time royal army

Had to be advised by leading Nobels

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26
Q

National government: the court

A 
Lived near the monarch 
Members of nobility 
- advise 
- display wealth
- influence on monarch
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27
Q

National government: privy council

A 
20 trusted councillors
Advised and obeyed queen 
Chosen by monarch
Met 3x a week or more
- debate current issues 
- carried out queens orders
-oversaw  law and order 
- monitored JPs
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28
Q

Secretary of state

A

Closest to monarch, advised queen

Sir William Cecil held the position until 1573

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29
Q

National government: parliament

A

Made of nobility and gentry
Queen needed parliaments consent for new laws or tax raises.
Queen summoned parliament ( tried to avoid)
Used 13x

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30
Q

Who was john hawkins

A

Naval commander and administrator

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31
Q

Who was the earl of northumberland

A

Most famous holder are the house of Percy (most powerful Nobel family)

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32
Q

Who was the earl of Westmorland

A

Title first created in 1367 for Ralph neville

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33
Q

Why did E. have financial problems

A

E. Inherited £300,000 debt. Edwards V1’s wars with Scotland and Mary 1’s war with France had been very expensive.

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34
Q

Why did e. Need money

A

1) to pay for all costs or running the country and costs of running royal households
2) money made her powerful, without it she was reliant on others

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35
Q

Where could the monarch get money from

A

1) rent or sale crown lands
2) fines by judges
3) taxes
4) additional taxes (had to be agreed on by parliament)

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36
Q

Why wasn’t their an easy solution to financial problems

A

1) rents fixed and couldn’t be increased
2) Mary 1 sold a lot of land to cover her debts wich reduced income from rents further
3) England was suffering high levels of inflation, poor couldnt afford to pay anymore in taxes
4) e. Didn’t want to increase tax for nobility and gentry as she risked losing their support
5) asking parliament to introduce new taxes would give them too much power.

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37
Q

Two reasons why the privy council was important

A

1) decided on big decisions (war, religion, marriage)

2) responsible for administration (finances, controlling business, foreign ambassadors)

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38
Q

Why was choosing the privy council a problem

A

If she chose right she would have a loyal team to help her run the country

If she chose wrong she would have alienated some of the most powerful men in the country

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39
Q

Issues Elizabeth had to consider when choosing the privy council

A

1) chose from power and class or who has most ability

2) choose people who all have same opinions or people with arrange of different views

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40
Q

How were France and Scotland linked

A

1) the queen of Scotland was married to the french heir

2) both catholic

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41
Q

Why was there a threat of invasion from France In 1558

A

France was a catholic country and they wanted mqos to be queen of England, so they could have invaded on her behalf.

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42
Q

War with France - why to continue?

A
  • a military victory would get the reign of to a good start

- victory would end danger of invasion from France and Scotland

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43
Q

War with France - why make peace with France?

A
  • nothing to suggest that England could win
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44
Q

What would happen if E. did nothing to tackle poverty

A

Unpopularity could increase

People living through hardship were more likely to join a rebellion

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45
Q

What was E. response to the war with France

A
  • made her decision quickly

- peace signed with France in January 1559, only 3 months after she became queen.

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46
Q

How great was (the war with France) a problem?

A
  • spent £100,000 on military arms and munitions at the start of her reign on things such as guns, pike-heads, gunpowder.
  • restocking the realm’s armouries required taking out massive loans
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47
Q

Why was poverty less of a problem for E.

A

There were several bad harvests in 1550s, however the harvest in 1558 was very good. This game E. more time. She could only hope for good weather and harvest - which there were and there was no immediate problem

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48
Q

Evidance to show e. Was cautious when appointing her privy council

A
  • thanked all past councilers for there work
    _ did not appoint her closest friend (robert dudley - earl of leicester) for another 4 years as it might create jealousies.
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49
Q

Evidance to show that E. privy council was also chosen by men she could trust.

A
  • chose largely from her trusted colleagues, particularly supporters who stood by her through mary’s catholic rule.
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50
Q

How did Elizabeth strengthen the royal finances?

A

Severely cut back government spending right at the beginning of her reign
Strictly monitored costs of households
Crown lands sold thought 20 years (600,000)

51
Q

Elizabeth not only paid of Mary’s 1 debts but she also built up a reserve of… how much?

A

£300,000

52
Q

What did protestants want as the head of the church

A

Wanted king or queen as head

With archbishops and bishops to help the monarch

53
Q

What did catholics want as the head of the church

A

Keep the pope in rome as head

Structure of cardinals, archbishops, and bishops to help the pope

54
Q

What did puritains want as the head of the church

A

Didn’t believe in head or bishops, and wanted committees elected by churchgoers to make rules

55
Q

What did protestants want as church decoration

A

Less decorative church

56
Q

What did catholics want as church decoration

A

Elaborate and expensive decorations, eg. Stained glass windows, pictures, statues

57
Q

What did Puritans want as church decoration

A

Plain and simple (no distractions from worship)

Decorations not based on bible - so not approved by god

58
Q

What did protestants want as the clergy

A

Marry

Wear plain gowns

59
Q

What did puritains want as the clergy

A

Wear plain back gowns

60
Q

What did catholics want as the clergy

A

Not marry

Wear richly decorated robes - called vestments

61
Q

What did protestants want as the bible and services.

A

Bible in english (everyone could read)
Bread and wine in communion service remained bread and wine
But were also the body and blood of jesus

62
Q

What did puritans want as the bible and services

A

Bible in english
Church services in english
Bread and wine in communion service remained bread and wine
Jesus was spiritual, not physically present

63
Q

What did catholics want as the bible and services

A

Bible in latin
Church services with the latin mass
Believed a mirical took place during Mass when the bread and wine were given to people they were turned to the body and blood of Jesus through the power of the priests

64
Q

Evidence to show that religion was significant in peoples everyday lives

A
  • most people went to church every sunday, most important moments in their lives conducted by the church (marriages)
65
Q

Evidence to show that following the right religion will be rewarded by God when you die and so is crucial that people follow the religion they believe the right one?

A
  • people prepared to die rather than change there religion under henry vlll, Edward Vl, Mary l.
    Over 300 protestants refused to change religion during Mary’s rule.
  • choice of religion was were there souls went when they died - anyone who followed wrong religion would go to hell
66
Q

Evidence to show that religion gave hope and support during hard times

A

Church taught that if people lead a good life they would ensure eternal salvation
Church provided assistance to the poor in times of need as there was no government organised poor relief

67
Q

Reasons why religious devision was a problem. (5)

A
  • they could weaken the country with conflict or even a civil war
  • threat of rebellion
  • threat from powerful catholic countries and the pope
  • situation in 1558
  • compromise would be difficult.
68
Q

Why did E. want everyone to follow the same religion

A

To be united as a country
Divisions could lead to civil war
Makes England weak if invaded

69
Q

Examples of past religious rebellions

A

Henry Vlll - the pilgrimage of grace
Edward Vl - catholics in penvon and Cornwall rebelled.
Mary l - Wyatt’s rebellion ( rebellion read by sir Thomas Wyatt)

70
Q

Examples of threat from powerful catholic countries and the pope

A

France, Spain and Scotland all catholic.
Pope could excommunicate E. (release all her catholic subjects from obeying her)
Pope could call the catholic powers in Europe to lead a religious crusade to overthrow her.

71
Q

What was the situation in 1588

A

Mary re-introduced Catholicism
E. Appointed mainly protestant advisers
Many exiles returned home expecting a Protestant country

72
Q

Why would compromise be difficult

A

Catholics couldn’t accept a women as head of church

Puritans didn’t want a church that had decorations

73
Q

Why did E, rule out a Puritan religion

A

Didn’t want to turn her catholic subjects against her

74
Q

How did the bishop and clergy respond to the oath?

A

Only 1 bishop agreed and 27 had to be appointed

75
Q

Why was there a general acceptance from catholics and protestants

A

Clear elements in the settlement to please both

76
Q

Why did E. leave parts of the settlement open to interpretation

A

So it could satisfy both religions

77
Q

How did the pope, Spain and France respond to the settlement?

A

No one took any action against the settlement - gave E. more time to enforce her new laws

78
Q

What were the priorities for Spain and France at this time?

A

Spain didn’t want to replace E. at this time as mqos has strong ties with France (spain’s enemy)
France was dealing with protestants rebels.

79
Q

What were the 3 parts of the religious settlement

A

The act if supremacy
The acts of uniformity
Royal injunctions

80
Q

Key features of the religious settlement

A

Elizabeth not the pope was now head of the church - she did not call herself supreme head of the church of England as henry Vlll and Edwards Vl had done.
Everyone was to attend church on a Sunday and holy days
Bread and wine were offered during services
A Protestant book of common prayer written in English is what is to be used in all church services
each church had a copy of the Bible in English
Priests wear vestmates
priest could marry
all clergy were to teach Royal supremacy ( the monarch was the head of the church)
Some religious images and statues in churches
Stained glass windows, organs, hymns stayed

81
Q

How was the religious settlement enforced?

A
  • all clergy and royal officials were to swear an oath of allegiance, if refused would be imprisoned . The church of England was responsible for checking the clergy and bishops had taken the oath.
  • there was a fine if one shilling for not attending church
  • anyone refusing to attend church would be reported to the privy council.
  • clergy could not preach without a license from the government
  • any clergy refusing to use the book of common prayer would be punished
  • church of England would carry out visitations churches to check the clergy had their licenses-and were following the terms of the settlement
82
Q

Why were puritans opposed to the bishop and queen of supreme court running the church.

A
  • puritans didn’t believe in the head of church

- puritans wanter it to be run by committees elected by churchgoers not bishops

83
Q

Why were puritans opposed to the catholic appearance of the new church

A

Puritains wanted a very plain church with no music, no stained glass, no pictures of statues

84
Q

Why were puritans opposed to some of the wording in the new prayer book

A

Puritans believed that Jesus in communion services was spiritual not physical

85
Q

Why were puritans opposed to religious robes (vestments)

A

Wanted clergy to wear only plain black gowns

86
Q

Why was there opposition to vestments

A

Puritans ( some) thought that they shouldn’t-have special clothing at all or plain black
However in catholic faith they were special therefore causing opposition

87
Q

What was Elizabeths response to the vestment controversy

A

E. Wanted special vestments

Matthew parker issues further guidelines

88
Q

Which influential positions did puritans hold increasing the puritan threat

A

MPs in the house of commons and some members of the queens council

89
Q

How did the puritans try to persuade Elizabeth to make changes

A

Pushed for the removal of too catholic things

Campaigned about wearing plain black gowns

90
Q

Why did E. refuse to agree to puritans wishes

A

She liked some old catholic ways
The puritans were a minority
Some puritans want to get rid of bishops that would destroy her church power

91
Q

Why was the puritan opposition not a significant threat

A

The puritans will never plot to overthrow or help a foreign country to attack E.

92
Q

Why were some catholic opposed to the religious settlement (latin mass)

A

The catholic latin mass in favour of new protestant services was unacceptable- without catholic mass they believed they might not go to heaven,

93
Q

Recusants

A

Didn’t go to church

94
Q

How did some catholics oppose the religious settlement

A

Go to mass in secrete

Not going to church services at all

95
Q

Why were the catholics not a significant threat

A

If the catholics were loyal to her she would turn a blind eye

96
Q

Why was catholic potential threat significant

A

Foreign catholic dominance surrounded England.

97
Q

Did Mary q of s return to a catholic or protestant country

A

Protestant country , yet she was a catholic monarch

98
Q

How old was Mary q of s when she became a monarch

A

6 days after her birth in 1542 but her french mother ruled on her behalf

99
Q

How were mary and E. related

A

Cousins

100
Q

Who did mary q of scots marry in 1558

A

Francis (heir of the french throne)

101
Q

In France when Henry ll died what happened the Mary

A

She became queen fo Scotland and France

102
Q

Why did Mary Qos) marriage to lord Darnley( english) in 1565 anger Elizabeth

A

Strengthened Mary (Qos) connection to the english throne

103
Q

Why did Mary (Qos) marriage to lord Darnley anger the Scottish lords

A

Darnley was catholic yet Scotland is a protestant country with protestant lords

104
Q

What were the problems in Mary (Qos) marriage to lord darnley

A

Drunk
Violent
Vicious
Agressive

105
Q

What happened to darnley in 1567

A

Murdered

106
Q

Who was the main suspect to darnleys murder

A

Earl of bothwell

107
Q

What was E. reaction to darnleys murder

A 
Horrified - concerned for reputation 
Encouraged Mary (Qos) to investigate to save reputation
108
Q

What was rumoured about darnley’s murder

A

Mary worked with brothwell

109
Q

Who did mary marry in 1567 and why was it a mistake

A

Brothwell - confirmed queen involvement in murder

110
Q

What was the reaction of the protestant Scottish lords to Mary (Qos) marrying brothwell

A

Imprisoned her in lochlein castle (yet let Brothwell flee)

Took her son away, forced to give up the throne to give to son

111
Q

What was Elizabeths reaction to marys treatment by the Scottish lords when they found that she married Brothwell

A

English nobles could see this as an example as the Scottish nobles succeeded

112
Q

Why did Mary (Qos) flee to England

A

She believed E. was on her side and would help her

113
Q

What did Elizabeth do with Mary when she arrived in england

A

Imprison her

Ordered an enquiry into her role in darnleys murder ( known as the York conference)

114
Q

As a part of the York conference what did the Scottish parliament present

A

Casket letters - written by Mary to Brothwell

115
Q

Why did the failed enquiry into Mary’s involvement in darnley’s murder suit E.

A

She could keep mary in prison
If she had been found guilty she would have been handed over to Scottish lords and E. would have been supporting nobles to overthrow an anointed monarch
If Mary had been found not guilty she would be under pressure to release Mary who could then raise an army (possibly with french support - take the english throne)

116
Q

Evidence to show that Elizabeth supported protestants in Scotland

A

The Protestant laords in Scotland did not like the French catholic influence in their country
so they rebelled against French rule in 1550s
(Lead by John Knox)
then in 1560 Elizabeth sent troops and money to support the rebels this greatly reduce the risk of the French invasion from Scotland but also made it clear that Elizabeth would support Protestant over Catholics

117
Q

Evidence to show that Elizabeth supported Protestants in France

A

When a religious Civil War broke out in France in 1562 Elizabeth agreed to help the French Protestants hoping to get Calais back however she failed when the French Protestants made peace with the Catholic Later in 1562.
in 1564 she signed the Treaty of Troyes confirming calais belong to France
once again Elizabeth had supported Protestants over Catholics and had angered Philip the second of Spain

118
Q

Evidence to show Philip and Elizabeth stop trading with each other

A

In the 16th century the Netherlands belong to Spain
Philip the second banned the import of English cloth to the Netherlands in 1563 as he believed English merchants were spread Protestants
Elizabeth retaliated by seizing trade with the Netherlands

119
Q

Evidence to show them that the pope ordered Catholics not to go to church

A

Although the papacy did not offer any leadership to English Catholics and the opposition to the religious settlement
in 1566 the pope issued an instruction that they should not attend Church of England services

120
Q

Evidence to show the Spanish Army was now near england

A

Both Catholics and Protestants in the Netherlands rebelled against Spanish rule leading to the Dutch revolt in 1566
Philip sent an army of 10,000 led by Duke of Alba to crush the revolt
the Dutch revolt increase the Catholic threat because there was now a large Spanish army close to England

121
Q

Evidence to show that Elizabeth gave seabeggers shelter and anger Philip

A

Some Dutch rebels fled to the water to attack Spanish ships carrying man and resources
they were known as Seabeggars
in 1567 Elizabeth began allowing shelter in England harbours
once the revolt was crushed by the Spanish in 1568 Thousands of Dutch Protestants fled to England
publicly Elizabeth condemn the action of the Dutch results as she was anxious not to be seen as the Protestant saviour and subsequently anger Philip.

122
Q

Evidence on Elizabeth Stole Phillips gold (genoese loan)

A

Spanish ships carrying Gold for albas troops took shelter from the sea beggars in an English port
the gold had been loaned to Philip by bankers in Genoa Italy
Elizabeth took the gold for herself in an events which came known as the Genovese loan this Angered Philip

123
Q

Why did Mary Queen of Scots coming to England increased the catholic threat

A

As she was now in England they had more chance of working with her to rebel

Topic 1 - Elizabeth (1 decks)

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