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Ruminants > Top 15 diseases > Flashcards

Top 15 diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Which age group gets Contagious Ecthyma (Orf)

A

Young animals or newly introduced animals

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2
Q

What lesions do you find with ORF

A

Painful papules, pustules, crusts at mucocutaneous junctions of lips

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3
Q

What other signs can you see with ORF besides mucocutaneous lesions?

A

Weight loss due to poor appetite, gangrenous mastitis in ewes

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4
Q

Etiology of contagious ecthyma

A

Parapox virus

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5
Q

Treatment/prevention for ORF?

A

None - resolves in 1-4 weeks, heals without scars, can isolate OR cull affected animals, vaccination is effective during outbreak but don’t vaccinate ORF free farm bc live vaccine (can cause disease)

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6
Q

is ORF zoonotic?

A

YES WEAR GLOVES

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7
Q

Whos is more affected by ORF - goats or sheep

A

More common in sheep but more severe in GOATS

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8
Q

What are three clinical signs of enterotoxemia type C cause in small ruminants?

A

1) bloody diarrhea in kids and lams 2) seizures, opisthotonous, ataxia 3) peracute death

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9
Q

Do adults or babies get bloody scours from clostridium?

A

Kids and lambs!

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10
Q

Which lambs of the herd get enterotoxemia type D? Does it cause blood diarrhea like C?

A

Fastest growing lambs (less common in goats), no bloody diarrhea just painful GI and neuro signs and peracute death

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11
Q

How to avoid clostridial diseases in sheep and goats?

A

Annual vaccination with CD and T - give 1 month before parurtition

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12
Q

How to diagnosis coccidiosis in a sheep/goat

A

Need >20,000 oocysts/g feces to diagnosis coccidia

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13
Q

How to go about controlling haemonchus on farms

A

Only treat affected animals (using FAMACHA) - treat with benamidazoles, probenzamidazoles, imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones

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14
Q

Is treatment of coccidiosis possible once you’ve diagnosed it?

A

No, tx underrewarding - can reduce severity of disease with “zurils” and sulfaquinoxaline - rotate pastures!

Better to prevent (minimize stress and give prophylactic caccidiostats for a month after lambs introduced to a new environment (e.g. coccidiostats)

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15
Q

What do you need to know about pregnant sheep and coccidia

A

Ewes tend to get a “periparturient rise” in egg count bc they are immunocompromised - avoid by maintaining a good plane of nutrition

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16
Q

Where do coccidia live in SRs?

A

Abomasum and small intestine

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17
Q

What are two presentations of CL? Which do sheep vs goats get more often

A

External - abscesses, creamy (goats), caseous (Sheep), odorless, heal with scars, recur

Internal - poor dower “thin ewe syndrome”

Sheep more likely to get internal, goats morel ikely to get external

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18
Q

Etiologic agent of CL and how to SRs get it?

A

Corynebacterium psuedotuberculosis (gram + facultative intracellular bacterium), animals originally get it from breaks in skin or MMs

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19
Q

Is CL zoonotic?

A

YES !!! highly

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20
Q

How to treat CL?

A

Cull, but if valuable animal or pet –> isolate animal, lance drain and lavage with iodine solution vs surgical excision vs antibiotics in extra-label manner (systemic or intralesional) –> penicillin and rifampin, tulathromycin

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21
Q

Why is CL hard to get rid of

A

Though its susceptible to bleach and chlorhexidine, can reside in organic debris forever RIP.

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22
Q

Vaccine for CL?

A

Only if endemic, it reduces incidence of dx in the area but does not prevent

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23
Q

Pneumonia in Sheep/Goat - beyond normal respiratory signs, what else do you see with Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) and Maedi Visna virus (MV)

A

Progressive wasting, sheep >4 yrs old, +/- mastitis and neuro signs

24
Q

Pneumonia in Sheep/Goat - beyond normal respiratory signs, what else do you see with Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcionoma (OPA)

A

Copious serous nasal discharge, crackles throughout lungs

25
Q

Pneumonia in Sheep/Goat - beyond normal respiratory signs, what else do you see with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

A

Mostly arthritis and neuro signs but can get mastitis and RESPIRATORY SIGNS

26
Q

Pneumonia in Sheep/Goat - beyond normal respiratory signs, what else do you see with Chronic Enzootic Pneumonia

A

Low morbidity, high mortality

27
Q

Pneumonia in Sheep/Goat - beyond normal respiratory signs, what else do you see with bacterial pneumonia (specifically)

A

Nasal discharge THICKER

28
Q

Pneumonia in Sheep/Goat - beyond normal respiratory signs, what else do you see with LUNGWORMS

A

coughing/tachypnea

29
Q

What bacterium causes chronic enzootic pnuemonia in sheep/goat and how can you treat it

A

Mycoplasma - can try long-acting oxytet but its offlabel use

30
Q

Where do dictyocaulus filaria and Protostrongylus rufescens live?

A

Bronchi

31
Q

Where do do Muellerius capillaris live and is it worse in sheep or goats

A

Lung parenchyma and alveoli - worse in goats

32
Q

What region of the lung do parasites usually affect in the sheep and goat?

A

Margins of diaphragmatic lung lobes, rarely clinical for them

33
Q

What is a classic viral disease of goats that causes a progressive polysynovitis/arthritis , weight loss, hard udder and interstitial pneumonia IN ADULTS and an encephalomyelitis IN KIDS? What type of virus is this? How to diagnose?

A

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)

Enveloped RNA lentivirus (virus isolation or PCR)

34
Q

How to prevent/control CAE on farms?

A

Serology of herd biannually, separate seropositive and negative animals, eventually cull seropositive

35
Q

Is CAE common or rare? Does everyone affected show clinical signs?

A

Widespread in dairy goats, 65% prevalence in US herds (but only 20% show clinical signs)

36
Q

When do goats become infected with CAE?

A

Usually in colostrum or milk, clinical signs develop much later (horizontal transmission within herd IS possible)

37
Q

Over or underconditioned dam in late gestation pregnancy who has twins, feeling shitty and with bruxism.. may develop neuro signs and progress to death … what does she have?

A

Pregnancy toxemia

38
Q

How to ddx pregnancy toxemia and what signs may you see on testing or necropsy

A

Ketosis (increased BHB)

Blood: hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, increased NEFAs
Necropsy: hepatic lipidosis, adrenal enlargement, increased BHB in aqueous humor, CSF

39
Q

Late pregnant sheep with bruxism and anorexia, twins… how to treat? How to prevent?

A

This is pregnancy toxemia:

Mild cases: propylene glycol enterically is mainstay, may need to induce parturition with steroids

Severe: euthanasia, check fetal viability …. perform C section, IV therapy with dextrose, insulin, calcium, banamine etc

To prevent: better BCS management at breeding and during gestation, feed grain at the end to help them keep up with energy requirements, screen 20% of herd to see where they are at….

40
Q

Blocked goat… what were they eating?

A

High grain diet - 1:1 Ca2+ to P ratio (should be 2:1 Ca2+:P) OR diets high in magnesium

41
Q

What types of stones most common in goats? Which look like beebees?

A

Struvite if lots of grain and low C:P ratio (look more white)
Silica if grazing on silica rich soil
calcium stones if high clacium diet (calcium carbonate stones - look lik beebees )

42
Q

How to prevent struvite stones in goats?

A

Decrease urine PH by giving ammonium chloride in ration, and fed a Ca2+:P ratio of 2:1

43
Q

Sheep who was doing fine but all of a sudden after a stressful event becomes very sick (to recumbent), anorexic with rumen stasis, pale MM, hemoglobinuric and jaundiced and who may have secondary photosensitization - primary rule out?

A

Copper toxicity (a chronic disease in sheep with no signs until they have an acute hemolytic crisis)

44
Q

Sheep was fine and then got stressed, then had acute hemolytic crisis - based on primary ruleout, what will you expect to see at necropsy?

A

Copper toxicity - gun metal kidneys (esp if acute presentation), increased blood and liver copper concentrations, also measure molybdenum levels (if low, copper higher (?)

45
Q

How can you treat copper toxicosis in sheep? Does it work?

A

Rarely successful, poor prognosis

Give:
- molybdenum (supplement to help decrease copper)
- zinc acetate or sodium thiosulfate (supplements that help decrease copper - zinc, sulfur and calcium all affect copper metabolism)

46
Q

Sheep eats a toxic plant and then shows signs of copper toxicity - name the toxic plant

A

Senecio or heliotropum - hepatotoxic pyr. alkaloids that cause liver damage and then cause release of copper into blood stream

47
Q

You see a goat that looks male on the outside but his penis doesnt work and when you do a karyotype (who knows why you’d do a karyotype on a goat but whatevs) you get XX. Another goat int he herd is female on the outside but has an enlarged clitoris. What is this called and how did we get here?

A

Polledness is an autosomal dominant trait in males and females. Polled females can get an intersex trait. TBH kinda confused about this but just be on the lookout for this.

48
Q

You see a male castrated goat with preputial swelling and difficulty urinating. You look closely and see scabs and ulcers …. another female in the herd has similar swelling and redness of the vulva and clitoris.. what is this and what is the etiologic agent?

A

Pizzle rot (enzootic posthitis and vulvitis) - corynebacterium renale (gram + )

49
Q

How to avoid pizzle rot

A

stop feeding high protein diet - it causes high urea in the animal and then c renale produces more ammonia and this causes ulceration of the genitals on its way out

keep ya goats clean - matted gross hair on the prepuce predisposes goats - preputial hairs shouldn’t be too short either bc you want them to wick away urine (vom)

50
Q

Goats eating brackenfern, other goats with rumen acidosis, other goats eating a lot of sulfur (alfalfa)… all of them become neurologic. Top differential? How to treat? How to prevent

A

PEM, thiamine +/- dexamethasone to decrease cerebral edema, prevent by avoiding high grain diets, careful where you graze animals, supplement thiamine and figure out how much sulfur they are getting bc high sulfur can also cause this dz

51
Q

Goat dams aborting mummified or macerated babies and some can’t get pregnant…. sheep babies are very HAIRY and small… a few have dark wool, shortened bones and muscle tremors. Many of the affected babies are dying. Top ddx? What type of pathogen? Whats the pathognomonic tx on necropsy? What tests to do?

A

Hairy shaker lamb dx aka border disease , flavivirus, IHC or pCR on blood of affected lambs, necropsy: myelin deficiency, viral IHC staining

52
Q

How to prevent/control border disease?

A

Mix lambs who receovered wtih breeding stock before breeding season to enhance natural immunity, but dont breed recovered lambs, no effective vaccine, dx exists worldwise (surviving lambs are viremic forevever and shed it)

53
Q

Black faced sheep with progressive weight loss, tremors, progressive ataxia, cutaneous hypersensitivity and theyre all dying. top ddx, how to diagnose, how transmitted

A

Scrapie (TSE), brain IHC (if dead), if alive 3rd eyelid or rectal mucosal biopsy for IHC; transmitted during lambing and there is a 2-5 yr incubation

54
Q

Sheep with cyanotic tongue, fever, nasal discharge, edema all aroundf ace, congenital defects… and lambs are dying. Top ddx, etiology, vector, primary pathophysiology

A

Bluetongue, orbivurs spread by biting midges (culicoides) causes a vasculitis adn vescular endothelial damage (hence welling, edema, necrosis) similar signs in cows

55
Q

Lactating ewe out in pasture, chillin and then all of a sudden throws head back, bellows, gallops, falls and paddles. Top ddx, how to diagnose, and how to treat

A

Hypomagnesemic tetany, “grass staggers” (just like in cows), dx with positive response to tx: HYPOMAGNESEMIA AND HYPOCALCEMIA - give them both IV slowly, minimize stimulation

Ruminants (1 decks)

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