ToP Flashcards
Contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness. Contains the major driving power behind all behavior
Unconscious
Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious
either quite readily or with some difficulty
Preconscious
Mental awareness at any given point in time
Conscious
Reservoir of instincts
NO CONTACT with reality
Pleasure Principle (tension reduction; increase pleasure)
Primary Process (id satisfied the needs)
Id
Rational master of Personality
Reality Principle (manipulates environment in a practical and realistic
manner)
Secondary Process (powers of perception, recognition, judgment, and memory
in satisfying needs)
Ego
conscience”
Moralistic and Idealistic Principle
Superego
These operate to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety
Defense mechanisms
Involves forcing unwanted, anxiety-loaded experiences into the unconscious. It is the most basic of all defense mechanisms because it is an active process in each of the others
Repression
The repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite
Reaction formation
Using contradictory behavior to gain satisfaction for an undesirable impulse
Compensation
Using contradictory behavior to gain satisfaction for an undesirable impulse
Compensation
Denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic
event. Inability to accept reality
Denial
Seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one’s own unconscious
Projection
Performing some action that nullifies the undesirable one
Undoing
The elevation of the sexual instinct’s aim to a higher level, which permits people to make contributions to society and culture. Expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature
Sublimation
When people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority
Introjection
Whenever a person reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of behavior
Regression
Develop when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, making psychological change difficult. The permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development. When the prospect of taking the next step becomes to anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage
Fixation
When people redirect their unwanted urges onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse
Displacement
This stage encompasses the first 4 to 5 years of life and is divided into three sub phases: oral, anal, and phallic
Infantile stage
During this phase, and infant is primarily motivated to receive pleasure through the mouth
The oral phase
The oral phase is divided into two sub phases
- The oral receptive phase
-when the aim is to receive the nipple. - The oral sadistic
-when infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, and crying
When the anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable zone. This period I s characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function
The anal phase
The anal phase is divided into two subphases
- The early anal period
-where children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. - The late anal period
-where children sometimes take a friendly interest towards their feces
People who continue to receive a Roddick satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion
Anal character
Consists of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy and occurs if the parents are to punitive during the anal phase
The anal triad
At approximately three or four years of age children begin a third stage of infantile development, a time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone
The phallic phase
Boys and Girls Club going to have differed psychosexual development during the _____ phase
Phallic
During the phallic phase, boys and girls experience the ______ _____ in which they have sexual feelings for one parent and hostile feelings for the other
Oedipus complex
Feelings of ambivalence in a boy play a role in the evolution of the _____ complex
Castration
Feelings of ambivalence in a boy play a role in the evolution of the _____ complex
Castration
The fear of losing the penis
Castration anxiety
In males, the castration complex which formed after the Oedipus complex, breaks up the Oedipus complex and results in a well-formed male ______
Superego
For girls, the castration complex _______ the female Oedipus complex
Precedes
For girls, the castration complex takes the form of
Penis envy
During this period from about age 5 years until puberty, the sexual instinct is partially suppressed
Latency period
This period begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawakening of the sexual aim
The genital period
A stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner. Such people would have a balance among the structures of the mind, with their ego controlling their ID and super ego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desires and demands
Psychological maturity
Adler claimed that _______ are likely to have strong feelings of power and superiority, to be overprotective, and you have more than their share of anxiety.
Firstborns
________ children are likely to have strong social interest, provided they do not get trapped trying to overcome their older sibling
Second born
Adler believed that _____ children are likely to be pampered and to lack independence.
Youngest
______ children have some of the characteristics of both the oldest and the youngest child
Only
Black Sheep or Insecure
Middle born
These feelings stimulate people to set a goal of overcoming
their inferiority
Feelings of inferiority
People who see themselves as having more than their share of
physical deficiencies or who experience a pampered or
neglected style of life _____ for these deficiencies
and are likely to have exaggerated feelings of inferiority, strive
for personal gain and set unrealistically high goals.
Overcompensate
A deep concern for the welfare of other
people, is the sole criterion by which human actions should be
judged.
Social Interest
The three major problems of life—_____— can only be solved through social interest.
Neighborly love, work, and
sexual love
All behaviors, even those that appear to be incompatible, are
consistent with a person’s
Final goal
______ shaped neither by past events
nor by objective reality, but rather by people’s subjective
perception of a situation.
Human Behavior
Heredity and environment provide the building material of
personality, but people’s ____ is responsible for their style of life.
Creative Power
All people, but especially neurotics, make use of various
_____—such as excuses, aggression, and
withdrawal—as conscious or unconscious attempts to protect
inflated feelings of superiority against public disgrace.
Safeguarding tendencies
The belief that men are superior to women—is a fiction that lies at the root of many neuroses,
both for men and for women
Masculine Protest
Uses birth order, early recollections, and
dreams to foster courage, self-esteem, and social interest.
Adlerian therapy
According to Jung this is the recognizing of the meaning of stimuli, or logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas.
Thinking
According to Jung this is the process of evaluating an idea or event
Feeling
According to Jung this is the function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness
Sensation
According to Jung this function involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness or perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness.
Intuition
The rational functions according to Jung are:
Thinking and feeling
According to Jung the irrational functions are:
Sensation and intuition
According to Jung, these are Images that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors. They are not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action
Collective unconscious
According to Jung the ______ Unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. Includes complexes.
Personal
According to Jung, these are the contents of the personal unconscious, emotionally toned groups of associated ideas
Complexes
According to Jung images sense to buy the ego are said to be:
Conscious
According to Klein, infants organize their experiences into _______, or ways of dealing with both internal and external objects.
Positions
As a way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad, four instance its relationship with the ideal breast and the persecutory breast, Klein believed infants adopt the ___
Paranoid-schizoid position
According to Klein, the feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object is called the
Depressive position.
____ assume that the mother–child
relationship during the first 4 or 5 months is the most critical time
for personality development.
Object relations theories
Klein believed that an important part of any relationship is the
____ of early significant objects, such
as the mother’s breast or the father’s penis.
Internal psychic representations
Infants ___ these psychic representations into their own
psychic structure and then ___ them onto an external object,
that is, another person. These internal pictures are not accurate
representations of the other person but are remnants of earlier
interpersonal experiences.
Introject and project
According to Klein, _____ exists at birth, can sense both destructive and
loving forces, that is, both a nurturing and a frustrating breast.
The ego
To deal with the nurturing breast and the frustrating
breast, infants split these objects into good and bad
while also splitting their own ego, giving them ___ of self.
A dual image
Klein believed that ___ comes into existence much
earlier than Freud had speculated and that it grows along with the
Oedipal process rather than being a product of it.
The superego
During the early female Oedipus complex, the little girl adopts ____ toward both parents. She has a positive feeling
both for her mother’s breasts and for her father’s penis, which
she believes will feed her with babies.
A feminine position
With most girls, however, the female Oedipus complex is resolved without any __
Antagonism or jealousy toward their mother.
The male Oedipus complex is resolved when the boy:
Establishes good relations with both parents and feels comfortable about his
parents having sexual intercourse with each other.
Children who lack warmth and affection fail to meet their needs
for ____.
Safety and satisfaction
These feelings of ______ trigger basic
anxiety, or feelings of isolation and helplessness in a potentially
hostile world
Isolation and helplessness
The inability of people to use different tactics in their relationships with others generates the ___: that is,
the incompatible tendencies to move toward, against, and
away from people.
Basic conflict
Horney called the tendencies to move toward, against, or
away from people ____
The three neurotic trends.
Healthy people solve their basic conflict by using all three
neurotic trends, whereas ___ compulsively adopt only
one of these trends
Neurotics
Both healthy and neurotic people experience ____ that have become part of their belief system.
Intrapsychic
conflicts
The two
major intrapsychic conflicts are ___
The idealized self-image and
self-hatred.
____ results in neurotics’ attempts to build
a godlike picture of themselves.
The idealized self-image
The tendency for neurotics to hate
and despise their real self.
Self-hatred
Horney describes this neurotic need as an attempt to please others by living up to their expectations, to dread self-assertion, and they are quite uncomfortable with the hostility of others and hostility within themselves.
The neurotic need for affection and approval
This neurotic need includes and overvaluation of love and a dread of being alone or deserted. These people lack self-confidence.
The neurotic need for a powerful partner
This neurotic need causes people to remain inconspicuous, to take second place, and to be content with very little
The neurotic need to restrict one’s life within narrow borders
This neurotic need manifests itself as the need to control others and to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity
The neurotic need for power
This neurotic need causes neurotics to evaluate others on the basis of how they can be used
The neurotic need to exploit others
This neurotic need causes neurotics to try to be first, to be important, or to attract attention to themselves
The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige
This neurotic need causes neurotics to have a need to be admired for what they are rather than for what they possess. Their inflated self-esteem must be continually fed by others, and they need the approval of others
The neurotic need for personal admiration
This neurotic need is characterized by a strong drive to be the best and to defeat other people in order to confirm their superiority.
The neurotic need for ambition and personal achievement
This neurotic need is characterized by having a strong need to move away from people, proving that the person can get along without others.
The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence
This neurotic need is characterized by dreading making personal mistakes and having personal flaws. These people attempt to hide their weaknesses from others.
The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability
According to Erikson, the ego develops according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence, this is called the:
Epigenetic principle
According to Erikson, in every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites, a conflict between a _______ (harmonious) element and a _______ (disruptive) element.
Syntonic, dystonic
The conflict between syntonic and dystonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength which Erikson referred to as a
Basic strength
According to Erikson, two little basic strength that anyone stage results in a:
Core pathology
During each stage, but especially from adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by an ______ ______, which Erickson called a turning point, crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential where a person is especially susceptible to major modifications in identity, either positive or negative.
Identity crisis
Erikson’s first psychosocial stage is ______, I. Encompassing approximately the first year of life and paralleling Freud’s oral phase of development
Infancy
Erikson expanded Freud’s concept of the oral stage be on the mouth to include sensory organs such as the ______ and ____.
Eyes and ears
According to Erikson, this is the psychosexual mode of infancy and is characterized by both receiving and accepting
Oral-sensory
The psychosocial crisis of infancy according to Erikson is
Basic trust versus basic mistrust
From the crisis between basic trust and basic mistrust emerges the basic strength of infancy which is:
Hope
Infants who do not develop hope retreat from the world causing the core pathology of infancy which is called:
Withdrawal
Ericksons second psychosocial stage is a period paralleling Freud’s anal stage and encompassing approximately the second and third years of life, it is called:
Early childhood
Ericksons early childhood stage is similar to Freud’s anal stage but also includes mastery of other body functions such as ______, ______, and _______.
Walking, urinating, and holding
The psychosexual mode of Ericksons early childhood is:
Anal-urethral-muscular mode
The psychosocial crisis of Ericksons early childhood stage is:
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
The basic strength of Ericksons early childhood stage is:
Will
The core pathology of Ericksons early childhood stage is:
Compulsion
Ericksons third stage of development is a period covering the same time as Freud’s phallic phase, roughly ages 3 to 5 years, it is called:
Play age
In Ericksons play age which parallels Freud’s phallic phase, Ericsson saw the _______ ______ as an early model of lifelong playfulness and a drama played out in children’s minds as they attempt to understand the basic facts of life.
Oedipus complex
The primary psychosexual mode of Ericksons play age is _____-_______, meaning that children have both an interest in genital activity and an increasing ability to move around
Genital-locomotor
The psychosocial crisis of Ericksons play age is
Initiative versus guilt
The basic strength of Ericksons play age is
Purpose setting goals and having a direction
The core pathology of Ericksons play age is:
Inhibition
The period from about 6 to 12 or 13 years of age is a time of psychosocial growth beyond the family. Children can use their energies to learn the customs of their culture, including both formal and informal education. Erickson called the stage:
School age
Erickson agreed with Freud that school age is a period of psychosexual _____
Latency
The psychosocial crisis of Erickson’s school age is
Industry versus inferiority
From the conflict of industry and inferiority during Ericksons school-age emerges the basic strength of school age, which is:
Competence
The core pathology of Ericksons school age is:
Inertia
This is the period from puberty too young adulthood and is one of the most crucial developmental stages because, by the end of this period, a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity. Erickson called this stage:
Adolescence
The psychosexual mode of Ericksons adolescence is:
Puberty or genital maturation
The psychosocial crisis of Ericksons adolescence is:
Identity versus identity confusion.
The conflict between identity and identity confusion in adolescence produces faith in some ideological view of the future. Erickson calls this basic strength of adolescence:
Fidelity
The core pathology of adolescence is:
Role repudiation
This Erickson stage is a time from about age 19 to 30 that begins with the acquisition of intimacy and ends with the development of generativity
Young adulthood
The psychosexual mode of young adulthood according to Ericsson is _____ , which is expressed as a mutual trust between partners in a stable sexual relationship.
Genitality
The psychosocial crisis of young adulthood according to Ericsson is:
Intimacy versus isolation.
The basic strength of Ericksons stage young adulthood that arises from the crisis between intimacy and isolation is the capacity to:
Love
The core pathology of young adulthood according to Ericsson is the inability to love, also called:
Exclusivity
This is the period from about 31 to 60 years of age, a time when people make significant contributions to society. Erickson called this stage:
Adulthood
According to Ericsson, the psychosexual mode of adulthood is the caring for one’s children, the children of others, and the material products of one society. Also called:
Procreativity
The psychosocial crisis of adulthood according to Ericsson is:
Generativity versus stagnation
The basic strength of adulthood according to Ericsson comes with a successful resolution of the crisis of generativity versus stagnation. It is:
Care.
The core pathology of adulthood according to Ericsson is
Rejectivity.
The eighth and final stage of development according to Ericsson goes from about age 60 until death and is called:
Old age
The psychosexual mode of old age according to Ericsson means taking pleasure in a variety of sensations and an appreciation of the traditional lifestyle of people of the other gender and is called:
Generalized sensuality
The psychosocial crisis of old age according to Ericsson is:
Integrity versus despair
The basic strength of old age according to Ericsson is:
Wisdom
The basic pathology of old age according to Ericsson is marked by feelings of being finished or helpless and is called:
Disdain
According to Fromm, this existential need is the drive for union with another person or persons and can take the form of submission, power, or love.
Relatedness
According to from this is the only route by which a person can become united with the world and at the same time achieve individuality and integrity. It is a union with somebody, or something outside oneself under the condition of retaining the separateness and integrity of one’s own self
Love
According to Fromm, this existential need is defined as the urge to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into the realm of purposefulness and freedom. Can be sought through either positive or negative approaches
Transcendence
To kill for reasons other than survival
Malignant aggression
According to Fromm, this existential need is defined as the need to establish roots or do you feel at home again in the world.
Rootedness
This nonproductive strategy when it comes to the existential need rootedness is a tenacious reluctance to move beyond the protective security provided by one’s mother
Fixation
According to Fromm, this existential need is the capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity
A sense of identity
Describe the positive and negative expressions of finding a sense of identity
Nonproductively as conformity to a group and productively as individuality
According to Fromm, this existential need is about needing a roadmap or consistent philosophy to make your way through the world
Frame of orientation
How does a person nonproductively and productively express the existential need frame of orientation
Nonproductively as striving for irrational goals and productively as movement towards rational goals
Productively, the existential need rootedness enables us to grow beyond the security of our _______ and establish ties with the outside world
Mother
A consistent way of looking at the world.
A frame of orientation
In from burden of freedom humans are the freaks of the universe because they are the only animal possessing self-awareness. As people gained more political freedom, they began to experience more isolation from others and from the world. As a result, freedom becomes a burden and people experience _____ ______ or the feeling of being alone in the world
Basic anxiety
According to from, this mechanism of escape is the tendency to give up one’s independence and to unite with a powerful partner. Can take one of two forms, masochism or sadism.
Authoritarianism
According to from, this mechanism of escape is aimed at doing away with other people or things
Destructiveness
According to Fromm, this mechanism of escape means to surrender one’s individuality in order to meet the wishes of others
Conformity
According to Fromm, the human dilemma can only be solved through the spontaneous activity of the whole, integrated personality (both rational and emotional potentialities), which is achieved when a person becomes reunited with others. This is called:
Positive freedom
A passionate love of life and all that is alive
Biophilia
According to from this kind of nonproductive orientation believes that the source of all good lies outside themselves and that the only way they can relate to the world is to receive things, including love, knowledge, and material objects
Receptive characters
According to Fromm, this nonproductive orientation believes that the source of all good is outside themselves and they aggressively take what they want rather than passively receiving it
Exploitative orientation
According to Fromm, this nonproductive orientation tries to save what they have already obtained, including their opinions, feelings, and material possessions
Hoarding characters
According to Fromm this nonproductive orientation sees themselves as commodities and value themselves against the criterion of their ability to sell themselves. They have fewer positive qualities than the other orientations because they are essentially empty
Marketing orientation
According to Fromm, this personality disorder is the love of death and the hatred of all humanity
Necrophilia
According to Fromm, this personality disorder is the interest in one’s own body, it is a belief that everything belonging to oneself is of great value and anything belonging to others is worthless
Malignant narcissism
According to Fromm, this personality disorder is an extreme dependence on one’s mother or mother surrogate
Incestuous symbiosis
When Fromm and his associates spent several years investigating social character in an isolated farming village in Mexico, they found evidence of all the character orientations except the:
Marketing orientation
Research from Fromm’s theory has also been done on authoritarianism. The research found that political and social threats, not personal threats, or most strongly related to _________.
Authoritarianism.
The five needs composing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs have a striving or motivational character, they are called:
Conative needs
Lower-level needs, according to Maslow, have _______ over higher-level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated.
Prepotency
These are the most basic needs of any person and include food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on
Physiological
These needs include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger, and which results in basic anxiety if not satisfied
Safety needs
These needs include the desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, the need to belong to a family, a club, neighborhood, or a nation.
Love and belongingness needs
These needs include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
Esteem needs
These needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the world
Self-actualization needs.
This type of need is not universal and is a desire for beauty and order
Aesthetic needs.
These needs include the desire to know, to understand, and to be curious. Knowledge is a prerequisite for each of the five conative needs
Cognitive needs.
These needs include a desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person. These needs always lead to stagnation and pathology whether or not they are satisfied. They are nonproductive.
Neurotic needs
Insert in rare cases, the order of needs might be ______. For example, a starving mother may be motivated by love needs to give up food in order to feed her starving children.
Reversed.
According to Maslow, this type of behavior is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and deals with the person’s attempt to cope with the environment. Always motivated by some deficit need
Coping behaviors
Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of:
Pathology
According to Maslow, this is the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life when you are deprived of self-actualization
Meta pathology
According to Maslow, these needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning
Instinctoid needs
Maslow believed that self-actualizing people are motivated by the eternal verities, values that are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs. They are the ultimate level of needs. These values are called
B-values or being values.
This characteristic of self-actualizing people is having the uncanny ability to detect phoniness in others as well as art and music. They are not fooled by facades. They can see both positive and negative underlying traits in others. Perceive ultimate value is more clearly. And are less prejudiced and less likely to see the world as they wish it to be. Are less afraid of the unknown
More efficient perception of reality
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they accept themselves and others the way they are. They tolerate weaknesses in others and are not threatened by others’ strengths and accept nature including human nature as it is and do not expect perfection.
Acceptance of self, others, and nature
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they are unconventional but not compulsively so and are not afraid to express deeply felt emotions. They have no need to appear complex or sophisticated
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
This characteristic of self-actualizing people is defined by their interest in problems outside themselves. They view age-old problems from a solid philosophical position
Problem-centering
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means that they can be alone without being lonely
The need for privacy
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have grown beyond dependency on other people for their self-esteem
Autonomy
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means that they have the wonderful capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy. They have the ability to view every date things with fresh vision and appreciation
Continued freshness of appreciation
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have experiences that are mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence and feelings of awe, wonder, ecstasy, reverence, and humility.
The peak experience
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have social interest or a deep feeling of oneness with all humanity
Gemeinschaftsgefühl or Social Interest
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have nurturant feelings toward people in general, but their close friendships are limited to only a few that are deep and intense.
Profound interpersonal relations
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have the ability to disregard superficial differences between people. They can be friendly and considerate with other people regardless of class, color, age, or gender. They have a desire and an ability to learn from anyone
The Democratic character structure
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have a clear sense of right and wrong, and they experience little conflict about basic values
Discrimination between means and ends
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have humor that a spontaneous, unplanned, and intrinsic to the situation
A philosophical sense of humor
Is characteristic of self-actualizing people mean they possess a keen perception of truth, beauty, and reality
Creativeness
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have the ability to set personal standards and to resist the mold set by the dominant culture
Resistance to enculturation
Maslow argued for this kind of attitude for psychology, one that would be noninterfering, passive, and receptive. It’s goal would be sheer fascination
and the desire to release people from controls so that they can grow and become less predictable
Taoistic attitude
This is the fear of being or doing one’s best, a condition that all of us have to some extent. Maslow believed that many people allow false humility to stifle their creativity and to fall short of self-actualization
The Jonah complex
According to Rogers, this tendency states that all matter, both organic and inorganic, tends to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. Human consciousness evolves from a primitive unconsciousness to a highly organized awareness.
Formative tendency
According to Rogers, this tendency suggests that all living things, including humans, tend to move toward completion, or fulfillment of potentials.
Actualizing tendency.
According to Rogers, this is a subsystem of the actualization tendency and refers to the tendency to actualize a self as perceived in awareness
Self-actualization
According to Rogers, this is when a person feels that they are loved and accepted only when and if they meet the conditions set by others
Conditions of worth
According to Rogers, our perceptions of other people’s view of us
External evaluations
According to Rogers, people are ________ when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience
Vulnerable
According to Rogers, ______ exists whenever the person becomes dimly aware of the discrepancy between organismic experience and self-concept. ________ is experienced whenever the person becomes more clearly aware of this incongruence.
Anxiety, threat
According to Rogers, when we fail to recognize our organismic experiences as self-experiences, when we do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness because they appear to be inconsistent with our emerging self-concept, this is called:
Incongruence.
According to Rogers, this is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it
Defensiveness
According to Rogers, this is when we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept
Distortion
According to Rogers, this is when we refused to perceive and experience in awareness, or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization
Denial
According to Rogers, when the incongruence between peoples perceived self and their organismic experience is either too obvious or occurs too suddenly to be denied or distorted, their behavior becomes:
Disorganized.
According to Rogers, this is the first necessary and sufficient condition for therapeutic change and exists when a person’s organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings. It means to be real or genuine, to be whole or integrated, to be what one truly is
Congruence.
When the need to be liked, priced, or excepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications, it is called:
Unconditional positive regard
According to Rogers, this is the ability of the therapist to sense the feelings of a client and also to communicate these perceptions so that the client knows that another person has entered into his or her world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation
Empathic listening
In the Chicago studies, Roger’s summary of results found that client-centered therapy was successful in changing clients, but it was not successful in bringing them to the level of ____ _______ _____or even to the level of normal psychological health
Fully functioning persons
According to May, the basic unity of person and environment is expressed in the German word ______ meaning to exist there and is generally written as:
Dasein, being-in-the-world
According to May, this is the environment around us, the world of objects and things that would exist even if people had no awareness. Includes biological drives, such as hunger and sleep, and such natural phenomena as birth and death
Umwelt
According to Mae, this is our relations with other people
Mitwelt
According to Mae, this is our relationship with our self. Means to be aware of oneself as a human being and to grasp who we are as we relate to the world of things into the world of people
Eigenwelt
According to Mae, people are both aware of themselves as living beings and also aware of the possibility of _______ or ________. Death is the most obvious form, which can also be experienced as retreat from one’s life
Nonbeing, nothingness
May believed that people experience this when they become aware that their existence or some value identified with it might be destroyed. The subjective state of the individual’s becoming aware that his or her existence can be destroyed, that he can become nothing
Anxiety.
According to Mae, this is the type of anxiety, which is proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression, and can be handled on a conscious level
Normal anxiety
According to May, this type of anxiety is a reaction that is disproportionate to the threat and that leads to repression and defensive behaviors. It is felt whenever one’s values are transformed into dogma and blocks growth and productive action
Neurotic anxiety
According to Mae, this arises whenever people deny their potentialities, fail to accurately perceive the needs of others, or remain blind to their dependence on the natural world
Guilt
According to Mae, the structure that gives meaning to experience and allows people to make decisions about the future is called: permits people to overcome the dichotomy between subject and object because it enables them to see that their intentions are a function of both themselves and their environment
Intentionality
According to Mae, this is a delight in the presence of the other person and an affirming of that person’s value and development as much as one’s own
Love
According to Mae, this is a biological function that can be satisfied through sexual intercourse or some other release of sexual tension. Americans no longer view it as a natural biological function, but have become preoccupied with it to the point of trivialization
Sex
According to Mae, this is a psychological desire that seeks an enduring union with a loved one. It may include sex, but it is built on care and tenderness
Eros
According to May, this is an intimate nonsexual friendship between two people, takes time to develop and does not depend on the actions of the other person
Philia
According to Mae, this is an altruistic or spiritual love that carries with it the risk of playing God. It is undeserved and unconditional. Esteem for the other, the concern from the others welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it.
Agape
According to May, this comes from an understanding of our destiny, when we recognize that death is a possibility at any moment and when we are willing to experience changes even in the face of not knowing what those changes will bring.
Freedom
According to Mae, this is the freedom to act on the choices that one makes
Existential freedom
According to Sullivan, this is the period from birth until the emergence of syntaxic language, a time when the child receives tenderness from the mothering one while also learning anxiety through and empathic linkage with the mother
Infancy
According to Sullivan, during infancy anxiety may increase to the point of care, but such terror is controlled by the built-in protections of _____ and ______ _______ that allow the baby to go to sleep even if they’re hungry
Apathy and somnolent detachment
Private language of infants that makes little or no sense to other people
Artistic language
According to Sullivan, this stage lasts from the beginning of syntaxic language until the need for playmates of equal status. The child’s primary interpersonal relationship continues to be with the mother, who is now differentiated from other persons who nurture the child
Childhood
According to Sullivan, this stage begins with the need for peers of equal status and continues until the child develops a need for an intimate relationship with a chum. At this time children should learn how to compete, compromise, and to cooperate. The three abilities, as well as an orientation toward living, help a child develop intimacy, a chief dynamism of the next developmental stage
Juvenile era
Accrding to Sullivan, this is perhaps the most crucial stage because mistakes made earlier can be corrected during this stage, but errors made during this stage are nearly impossible to overcome in later life. Spans the time from the need for a single best friend until puberty
Preadolescence
According to Sullivan, with this stage comes the lust dynamism and the beginning of puberty. Development during this stage is ordinarily marked by a coexistence of intimacy with a single friend of the same gender and sexual interest in many persons of the opposite gender
Early adolescence
According to Sullivan, this stage may start any time after about age 16, but psychologically it begins when a person is able to feel both intimacy and lust toward the same person. Characterized by a stable pattern of sexual activity and the growth of the syntaxic mode, as young people learn how to live in the adult world
Late adolescence
According to Sullivan, this stage is a time when a person establishes a stable relationship with a significant other person and develop a consistent pattern of viewing the world
Adulthood
