ToP Flashcards
Contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness. Contains the major driving power behind all behavior
Unconscious
Contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious
either quite readily or with some difficulty
Preconscious
Mental awareness at any given point in time
Conscious
Reservoir of instincts
NO CONTACT with reality
Pleasure Principle (tension reduction; increase pleasure)
Primary Process (id satisfied the needs)
Id
Rational master of Personality
Reality Principle (manipulates environment in a practical and realistic
manner)
Secondary Process (powers of perception, recognition, judgment, and memory
in satisfying needs)
Ego
conscience”
Moralistic and Idealistic Principle
Superego
These operate to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety
Defense mechanisms
Involves forcing unwanted, anxiety-loaded experiences into the unconscious. It is the most basic of all defense mechanisms because it is an active process in each of the others
Repression
The repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite
Reaction formation
Using contradictory behavior to gain satisfaction for an undesirable impulse
Compensation
Using contradictory behavior to gain satisfaction for an undesirable impulse
Compensation
Denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic
event. Inability to accept reality
Denial
Seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one’s own unconscious
Projection
Performing some action that nullifies the undesirable one
Undoing
The elevation of the sexual instinct’s aim to a higher level, which permits people to make contributions to society and culture. Expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature
Sublimation
When people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority
Introjection
Whenever a person reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of behavior
Regression
Develop when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, making psychological change difficult. The permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development. When the prospect of taking the next step becomes to anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage
Fixation
When people redirect their unwanted urges onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse
Displacement
This stage encompasses the first 4 to 5 years of life and is divided into three sub phases: oral, anal, and phallic
Infantile stage
During this phase, and infant is primarily motivated to receive pleasure through the mouth
The oral phase
The oral phase is divided into two sub phases
- The oral receptive phase
-when the aim is to receive the nipple. - The oral sadistic
-when infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, and crying
When the anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable zone. This period I s characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function
The anal phase
The anal phase is divided into two subphases
- The early anal period
-where children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. - The late anal period
-where children sometimes take a friendly interest towards their feces
People who continue to receive a Roddick satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion
Anal character
Consists of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy and occurs if the parents are to punitive during the anal phase
The anal triad
At approximately three or four years of age children begin a third stage of infantile development, a time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone
The phallic phase
Boys and Girls Club going to have differed psychosexual development during the _____ phase
Phallic
During the phallic phase, boys and girls experience the ______ _____ in which they have sexual feelings for one parent and hostile feelings for the other
Oedipus complex
Feelings of ambivalence in a boy play a role in the evolution of the _____ complex
Castration
Feelings of ambivalence in a boy play a role in the evolution of the _____ complex
Castration
The fear of losing the penis
Castration anxiety
In males, the castration complex which formed after the Oedipus complex, breaks up the Oedipus complex and results in a well-formed male ______
Superego
For girls, the castration complex _______ the female Oedipus complex
Precedes
For girls, the castration complex takes the form of
Penis envy
During this period from about age 5 years until puberty, the sexual instinct is partially suppressed
Latency period
This period begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawakening of the sexual aim
The genital period
A stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner. Such people would have a balance among the structures of the mind, with their ego controlling their ID and super ego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desires and demands
Psychological maturity
Adler claimed that _______ are likely to have strong feelings of power and superiority, to be overprotective, and you have more than their share of anxiety.
Firstborns
________ children are likely to have strong social interest, provided they do not get trapped trying to overcome their older sibling
Second born
Adler believed that _____ children are likely to be pampered and to lack independence.
Youngest
______ children have some of the characteristics of both the oldest and the youngest child
Only
Black Sheep or Insecure
Middle born
These feelings stimulate people to set a goal of overcoming
their inferiority
Feelings of inferiority
People who see themselves as having more than their share of
physical deficiencies or who experience a pampered or
neglected style of life _____ for these deficiencies
and are likely to have exaggerated feelings of inferiority, strive
for personal gain and set unrealistically high goals.
Overcompensate
A deep concern for the welfare of other
people, is the sole criterion by which human actions should be
judged.
Social Interest
The three major problems of life—_____— can only be solved through social interest.
Neighborly love, work, and
sexual love
All behaviors, even those that appear to be incompatible, are
consistent with a person’s
Final goal
______ shaped neither by past events
nor by objective reality, but rather by people’s subjective
perception of a situation.
Human Behavior
Heredity and environment provide the building material of
personality, but people’s ____ is responsible for their style of life.
Creative Power
All people, but especially neurotics, make use of various
_____—such as excuses, aggression, and
withdrawal—as conscious or unconscious attempts to protect
inflated feelings of superiority against public disgrace.
Safeguarding tendencies
The belief that men are superior to women—is a fiction that lies at the root of many neuroses,
both for men and for women
Masculine Protest
Uses birth order, early recollections, and
dreams to foster courage, self-esteem, and social interest.
Adlerian therapy
According to Jung this is the recognizing of the meaning of stimuli, or logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas.
Thinking
According to Jung this is the process of evaluating an idea or event
Feeling
According to Jung this is the function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness
Sensation
According to Jung this function involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness or perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness.
Intuition
The rational functions according to Jung are:
Thinking and feeling
According to Jung the irrational functions are:
Sensation and intuition
According to Jung, these are Images that are beyond our personal experiences and that originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors. They are not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited predisposition toward action
Collective unconscious
According to Jung the ______ Unconscious embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual. Includes complexes.
Personal
According to Jung, these are the contents of the personal unconscious, emotionally toned groups of associated ideas
Complexes
According to Jung images sense to buy the ego are said to be:
Conscious
According to Klein, infants organize their experiences into _______, or ways of dealing with both internal and external objects.
Positions
As a way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad, four instance its relationship with the ideal breast and the persecutory breast, Klein believed infants adopt the ___
Paranoid-schizoid position
According to Klein, the feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object is called the
Depressive position.
____ assume that the mother–child
relationship during the first 4 or 5 months is the most critical time
for personality development.
Object relations theories
Klein believed that an important part of any relationship is the
____ of early significant objects, such
as the mother’s breast or the father’s penis.
Internal psychic representations
Infants ___ these psychic representations into their own
psychic structure and then ___ them onto an external object,
that is, another person. These internal pictures are not accurate
representations of the other person but are remnants of earlier
interpersonal experiences.
Introject and project
According to Klein, _____ exists at birth, can sense both destructive and
loving forces, that is, both a nurturing and a frustrating breast.
The ego
To deal with the nurturing breast and the frustrating
breast, infants split these objects into good and bad
while also splitting their own ego, giving them ___ of self.
A dual image
Klein believed that ___ comes into existence much
earlier than Freud had speculated and that it grows along with the
Oedipal process rather than being a product of it.
The superego
During the early female Oedipus complex, the little girl adopts ____ toward both parents. She has a positive feeling
both for her mother’s breasts and for her father’s penis, which
she believes will feed her with babies.
A feminine position
With most girls, however, the female Oedipus complex is resolved without any __
Antagonism or jealousy toward their mother.
The male Oedipus complex is resolved when the boy:
Establishes good relations with both parents and feels comfortable about his
parents having sexual intercourse with each other.
Children who lack warmth and affection fail to meet their needs
for ____.
Safety and satisfaction
These feelings of ______ trigger basic
anxiety, or feelings of isolation and helplessness in a potentially
hostile world
Isolation and helplessness
The inability of people to use different tactics in their relationships with others generates the ___: that is,
the incompatible tendencies to move toward, against, and
away from people.
Basic conflict
Horney called the tendencies to move toward, against, or
away from people ____
The three neurotic trends.
Healthy people solve their basic conflict by using all three
neurotic trends, whereas ___ compulsively adopt only
one of these trends
Neurotics
Both healthy and neurotic people experience ____ that have become part of their belief system.
Intrapsychic
conflicts
The two
major intrapsychic conflicts are ___
The idealized self-image and
self-hatred.
____ results in neurotics’ attempts to build
a godlike picture of themselves.
The idealized self-image
The tendency for neurotics to hate
and despise their real self.
Self-hatred
Horney describes this neurotic need as an attempt to please others by living up to their expectations, to dread self-assertion, and they are quite uncomfortable with the hostility of others and hostility within themselves.
The neurotic need for affection and approval
This neurotic need includes and overvaluation of love and a dread of being alone or deserted. These people lack self-confidence.
The neurotic need for a powerful partner
This neurotic need causes people to remain inconspicuous, to take second place, and to be content with very little
The neurotic need to restrict one’s life within narrow borders
This neurotic need manifests itself as the need to control others and to avoid feelings of weakness or stupidity
The neurotic need for power
This neurotic need causes neurotics to evaluate others on the basis of how they can be used
The neurotic need to exploit others
This neurotic need causes neurotics to try to be first, to be important, or to attract attention to themselves
The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige
This neurotic need causes neurotics to have a need to be admired for what they are rather than for what they possess. Their inflated self-esteem must be continually fed by others, and they need the approval of others
The neurotic need for personal admiration
This neurotic need is characterized by a strong drive to be the best and to defeat other people in order to confirm their superiority.
The neurotic need for ambition and personal achievement
This neurotic need is characterized by having a strong need to move away from people, proving that the person can get along without others.
The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence
This neurotic need is characterized by dreading making personal mistakes and having personal flaws. These people attempt to hide their weaknesses from others.
The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability
According to Erikson, the ego develops according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence, this is called the:
Epigenetic principle
According to Erikson, in every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites, a conflict between a _______ (harmonious) element and a _______ (disruptive) element.
Syntonic, dystonic
The conflict between syntonic and dystonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength which Erikson referred to as a
Basic strength
