TOP Flashcards
Which is more stable: Personality or Behavior?
Personality
According to Allport, what is personal disposition/trait?
a general neuropsychic structure UNIQUE TO THE INDIVIDUAL with the capacity to:
- Render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and
- Instigate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic behavior
What are the core principles of Sigmund Freud?
Id, Ego and Superego
Id is guided by which principle and thought?
Pleasure principle
Primary process thought
When is egodeveloped?
6 mos
Ego is guided by which principle and thought?
Reality principle and secondary process thought
With superego, rewards and punishments produces?
Rewards = Ego ideal Punishment = Conscience
Which of the cores produces anxiety?
The SUPEREGO produces anxiety by remembering previously punished actions. Anxiety is a tension that we always want to reduce.
What is cathexis?
The EGO forms a this for objects that reliably produce tension reduction of libidinal energy.
What is counter-cathexis?
SUPEREGO forms a this to block energy discharge until a realistic and morally acceptable object of gratification is found.
What is fixation?
Fixation occurs when the Id is over gratified or under gratified. Fixation is incomplete personality development.
Psychosexual Stages by Sigmund Freud
Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Period Genital Stage
Which stage in Psychosexual stages when the oedipus/electra complex exists?
Phallic stage
Psychosexual stages: Oral Stage
0 mo. - 6 mo. Oral incorporative (erotic, dependent)]
6 mo. - 1 yr. Oral aggressive (sadistic)
Psychosexual stages: Anal Stage
1 YR. TO 2-3 YR.
Anal retentive (under gratify)
Anal Expulsive-aggressive (over gratify)
Psychosexual stages: Phallic Stage
3-4
Phallic Character #1-no labels (over gratification)–a dramatic, histrionic person
Phallic Character #2-no label (under gratification)–a withdrawn, schizoid person
Psychosexual stages: Latency Period
5-6 yrs. until puberty.
Psychosexual stages: Genital Stage
Puberty till death
Unconscious or Conscious: Defense Mechanism
Unconscious
Unconscious or Conscious: Id
Unconscious
Unconscious or Conscious: Ego
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
Unconscious or Conscious: Superego
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
Difference of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Conscious: What we are aware of in the present time
Preconscious: Memories that can be recalled with sufficient cues.
Unconscious: Memories forced into the unconscious (and very difficult to retrieve) because they are very anxiety provoking. Also, certain psychological processes (e.g., ID functions and defense mechanisms) are unconscious.
Major defense mechanism during oral stage
IDENTIFICATION, INTROJECTION,
PROJECTION, DENIAL
Major defense mechanism during anal stage
RATIONALIZATION,
REACTION-FORMATION
Major defense mechanism during phallic stage
Repression
Major defense mechanism during genital stage
DISPLACEMENT, SUBLIMATION,
REGRESSION
What are the primitive defense mechanisms?
Denial Regression Acting out Dissociation Compartmentalization Projection Reaction Formation
What is denial?
refusal to accept reality or fact
What is regression?
reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable thoughts or impulses
What is acting out?
performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels incapable of otherwise expressing
What is dissociation?
when a person loses track of time and/or person, and instead finds another representation of their self in order to continue in the moment
What is compartmentalization?
parts of oneself are separated from awareness of other parts and behaving as if one had separate sets of values.
What is projection?
misattribution of a person’s undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses
Cause of projecting to someone?
result of a lack of insight and acknowledgement of one’s own motivations and feelings
What is reaction formation?
converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into their opposites.
What is repression?
unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses
What is displacement
redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but taken out upon another person or object
What is intellectualization
overemphasis on thinking when confronted with an unacceptable impulse, situation or behavior without employing any emotions whatsoever to help mediate and place the thoughts into an emotional, human context.
What is rationalization?
putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality
What is undoing?
the attempt to take back an unconscious behavior or thought that is unacceptable or hurtful
What is sublimation?
simply the channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts and emotions into more acceptable ones.
What is compensation?
process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas
What is assertiveness?
emphasis of a person’s needs or thoughts in a manner that is respectful, direct and firm.
Freud’s Clues to Unconscious
Hypnosis
Slips of Tongue
Psychoanalysis
Dreams`
What is the goal in psychoanalysis?
Insight
Psychoanalytic theorists
Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Alfred Adler Karen Horney Melanie Klein Erik Erickson Henry Murray
According to Carl Jung, what is the difference between complexes and archetypes?
Complexes - contents of PERSONAL unconscious
Archetypes - contents of COLLECTIVE unconscious
What is an archetype? (Carl Jung)
universal form or predisposition to characterize thoughts or feelings. Archetypes are inherited through the collective unconscious. Archetypes represent the memories of our ancestors, which we inherit. cumulative effect of perpetually repeated experiences on the human nervous system’s development
What is a mandala according to Carl Jung?
a symbolic representation of Personality. Each of the elements in Personality shares in the overall energy, which is called LIBIDINAL energy.
What is the principle of opposites?
Carl Jung - various elements of personality are continually opposed to one another
What are the 3 stages of development according to Jung’s Theory
- Survival - 1 to 5 y/o
- Individuation 6 to 40 y/o
- Transcendence 40 to death
Equivalence vs Entropy
A. Equivalence: A change in energy in 1 part of a system will result in a change in another part.
B. Entropy: The distribution of energy in a system seeks a state of equilibrium (balance).
4 functions of adult personality types according to Jung
RATIONAL
A. Thinking (2)–Logical understanding, classification, comprehension of the world
B. Feeling (3)–Evaluation of an event (Good vs. Bad, Pleasure vs. Pain)
IRRATIONAL
A. Sensing (1)–Sensory perception in an open, non-evaluative way
B. Intuiting (4)–Perception of underlying meaning, latent ideas
Extrovert vs Introvert
- Extravert: Outer-directed, need for sociability, chooses people as a source of energy, often action-oriented.
- Introvert: Inner-directed, need for privacy and space; chooses solitude to recover energy, often reflective
Thinking vs Feeling function
- Thinking function: Logical, sees cause & effect relations, cool, distant, frank, questioning.
- Feeling function: Creative, warm, intimate, a sense of valuing positively or negatively.
Is feeling same as emtions?
No
Sensing vs Intuitive
- Sensing function: Sensory, oriented toward the body and senses, detailed, concrete, present. Takes things as they seem to be, no more or less.
- Intuitive function: Sees many possibilities in situations, goes with hunches, impatient with earthy details, impractical, sometimes not present
Neuroses vs Psychoses
Neuroses are caused by a lack of balance when one element of personality has continued dominance over the self, and the other elements are repressed.
Psychoses occur when repressed and unconscious forces overpower consciousness
Stages of therapy
- Confession
- Elucidation
- Education
- Transformation
2 subtypes in Adler’s Fulfillment theory
- PERFECTION VERSION (ADLER belongs here)-people have an ideal or set of goals in life and achieve them through hard work and discipline. And
- ACTUALIZATION VERSION-A person has a vivid sense of who s/he is and acts consistently with that image and self-understanding.
4 types of ranks for a community to be beneficial (Adler)
- Active-constructive, the socially useful type
- Passive-constructive, the getting type
- Passive-destructive, the avoiding type
- Active-destructive, the ruling type.
T/F: According to Adler, people are reactive and goal oriented
F
PROACTIVE
Core belief of Karen Horney
BASIC ANXIETY develops from a parental lack of care and love that is universal. It may develop into:
- Insufficient emotional nourishment = normal neuroses
- Psychological abuse = pathological
10 neurotic needs according to Horney that may proceed to 3 neurotic neuroses
A. THE COMPLIANT TYPE (has dominant needs associated with MOVING TOWARD PEOPLE).
- NN for affection and approval– wish to please others, lives for the good opinion of others
- NN for a partner who will take over one’s life—need for someone else as a protector, overvalues love, afraid of being deserted
B. THE AGGRESSIVE TYPE (has dominant needs associated with MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE).
- NN for power—can do anything by exerting willpower, dominance over others
- NN to exploit others—to make oneself better than others, to make others look stupid
- NN for prestige—to be regarded well by others, social recognition
- NN for personal admiration—an inflated idea of themselves, a wish to be praised
- NN for personal achievement—to be the best at everything; e.g., work, sports, love, wealth
C. THE DETACHED TYPE (has dominant needs associated with MOVING AWAY FROM OTHERS).
- NN to restrict one’s life with narrow borders—content with little, very modest
- NN for self-sufficiency and independence—never needs anyone, no responsibilities to others
- NN for perfection and unassailability—afraid of making mistakes, impregnable, and infallible
According to Horney, what is the search for glory?
In Pathological Neurosis a person represses the real self (has an unconscious hatred for the real self), and believes that s/he is the ideal self.
(Horney) Characteristics of Pathological Neurosis
- Need for Perfection
- Misery
- Neurotic Pride
- Neurotic Claims
- Tyranny of the “Shoulds”
- Various Protective Strategies
a. Blind spots
b. Compartmentalization
c. Rationalization
d. Excessive self-control
e. Arbitrary rightness
f. Elusiveness, and
g. Cynicism
(Klein) Depressive position
a mental constellation that follows the paranoid-schizoid position in the infant’s development and is understood to begin in the second six months of life
(Klein) Envy
angry feeling that another person possesses and enjoys something else desirable
(Klein) Internal Objects
denote an inner mental and emotional image of an external figure, also known as an external object, together with the experience of that figure
Kleinian technique
Transference and countertransference for patient’s information
(Klein) Oedipus complex
infantile preconception with an exciting and terrifying parental couple, phantasized first as a ‘combined figure’
(Klein) Paranoid-schizoid position
primitive or early mental state in which the self feels disintegrated. It refers to a constellation of anxieties, defenses and internal and external object relations that Klein considers to be characteristic of the earliest months of an infant’s life that continues to varying degrees throughout life
(Klein) Pathological organizations
refers to a family of extremely unyielding and tightly knit defenses. Their function is to enable patients to avoid overwhelmingly persecutory and depressive anxieties by avoiding emotional contact with others and with internal and external reality.
(Klein) Projective identification
unconscious phantasy in which aspects of the self or an internal object are split off and attributed to an external object
(Klein) Reparation
integral to the depressive position. It is grounded in love and respect for the separate other, and involves facing loss and damage and making efforts to repair and restore one’s objects.
(Klein) Superego
Starts at the beginning of life; it matures
(Klein) Symbol formation
symbolic significance of play and how sublimation depends on a capacity to symbolize
(Klein) Unconscious phantasy
emphasized that phantasies interact reciprocally with experience to form the developing intellectual and emotional characteristics of the individual; phantasies are considered to be a basic capacity underlying and shaping thought, dream, symptoms and patterns of defense
8 stages of Erick Erickson
Stage 1 (0-2; Infancy): Trust vs. Mistrust. Stage 2 (2-4; Early Childhood): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Stage 3 (4-5; Preschool): Initiative vs. Guilt. Stage 4(5-12; School age): Industry vs. Inferiority. Stage 5 (13-19; Adolescent): Identity vs. Confusion. Stage 6(20-39; Early Adulthood): Intimacy vs. Isolation. Stage 7 (40-65): Generativity vs. Stagnation. Stage 8 (65-death): Integrity vs. Despair.
Definition of Murray on Id, Ego and Superego
I. ID-Consists of the basic energies, emotions, and needs
A. Selfish instincts-like Freud’s
B. Acceptable instincts, for example; need (n) for love, n. for Achievement, n. To be Nurturing.
The process of tension reduction is pleasurable.
II. EGO-has defensive functions (like Freud’s) and also promotes expression of acceptable impulses. Some Ego functioning is CONFLICT-FREE.
III. SUPEREGO- Similar to Freud’s, but more emphasis on the “Ego-Ideal”.
5 criteria identified to see the ID energy represent needs
- An inner motivational state
- Perception of the external situation
- Imagined goal or aim
- Directionality of concomitant movements and words, and
- Produced effect, if any
(Murray) Type of Needs
- Viscerogenic Needs (Internal)
- Psychogenic Needs (stimulated by external sources)
- Process needs
Differentiate prepotent, subsidisation and regnant need
The strongest needs are “Prepotent” needs.
One need can sometimes serve the function of another need through a process called “subsidisation”.
A dominant need at any one time is a “Regnant” need.
What is Press? (Murray)
Press is an external influence on behavior
Alpha - objective characteristics
Beta - Person’s perception and evaluation
(Murray) Themas
Roles that we play; customary need gratification pattterns of a person
Themas follow a pattern
“Alpha press” > “Beta press” > “Need” > “Vector” (the direction we take to satisfy our need) > “Value” (The goal of our need expression).
Themas vary in duration:
- Proceedings-the shortest themas, e.g., going to the store.
- Durances-overlapping proceedings, e.g., a semester at school, adolescence.
- Serials–longer proceedings, e.g., a marriage.
- Serial Programs (Ordination)-A planned series of proceedings that lead to a remote goal (e.g., what I must do to become an RN).
- Unity Themas-a single pattern of related needs and presses that repeats itself through life.
(Murray) Cathexis
“Cathexis” to refer to the capacity of an object to attract or repel someone
(Murray) Sentiment
“Sentiment” refers to the tendency of an individual to be attracted or repelled in general.
(Murray) Complexes
Result of unfortunate developmental experiences
4 elements in Radical Behaviorism
- Stimulus
- Response
- Reinforcement
- An implied state of deprivation
Respondents vs Operants
Respondents - determined by antecedents
Operants - determined by consequences
(Pavlov) Extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
(Pavlov)Spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
(Allport) Opportunistic Functioning vs Propriate Functioning
Opportunistic- tendency to satisfy biological survival needs
Propriate - functioning in a manner of expressive of the self
(Allport) 7 function of self
. Sense of body
- Self-identity
- Self-esteem
- Self-extension
- Self-image
- Rational coping
- Propriate striving
(Allport) personal disposition
a generalized neuropsychic structure (peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic behavior.”
(Allport) Functional autonomy
Motives today are independent of their origins
Difference between Perservative and propriate functional autonomy
- Habits 2. Values
(Cattell) Personality
Permits prediction of what a person will do in a given situation
(Cattell) Source traits
underlying factor of an individual’s personalities
(Cattell) Different types of source traits existed
Temperament Traits: concerned with HOW a person behaves.
Motivation Traits: concerned with WHY a person behaves in a particular way. Motivations are complex and many may underlie a single behavior.
Ability Traits: how fast can a person perform some particular behavior.
(Cattell) Ergs
goals created because of sex, hunger, curiosity, anger, fear or other basic motivations which are found in both humans and higher primates.
(Cattell) 10 ERG goals
- Food-Seeking
- Mating
- Gregariousness
- Parental Protectiveness
- Exploration
- Safety
- Self-Assertion
- Pugnacity
- Narcissistic Sex
- Acquisitiveness.
(Cattell) Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence: Intelligence which allows us to learn new things, regardless of past experience. (Innate Intelligence)
Crystallized Intelligence: Ability to solve problems based upon previous experience.
(Cattell) Attitude
desire to act in a specific way in response to a specific situation
(Cattell) Socially Shaped Ergic Manifolds (SEM’s)
socially acquired and can satisfy several ergs at one time.
(Eysenck’s Theory
Neuroticism
Extraversion-introversion - excitability and inhibition of brain
Psychoticism
(Sheldon) 3 body types
- Ectomorphs: Slender, often tall, people, with long arms and legs and fine features.
- Mesomorphs: Stockier people, with broad shoulders and good musculature.
- Endomorphs: Chubby people, tending to “pear-shaped.”
(Sheldon) 3 personality types
- Cerebrotonics: Nervous types, relatively shy, often intellectual.
- Somatotonics: Active types, physically fit and energetic.
- Viscerotonics: Sociable types, lovers of food and physical comforts.
Five factor theory
- Extraversion vs. Introversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Emotional Stability (Norman) vs. Neuroticism (Costa and McCrae)
- Culture (Norman) or Openness to Experience (Costa and McCrae)
(Bandura) Vicarious Reinforcement
Involves ability to anticipate and appreciate consequences observed in others, not experienced oneself.
(Bandura) Factors that influence observational learning
- Characteristics of the model (attractive)
- Attributes of the observer
- Reward cons
(Bandura) Processes involved in observational learning
Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Incentive and Motivation
(Bandura) Self-efficacy
to a feeling of adequacy and efficiency in dealing with life. Comes from past successful accomplishments of meeting and maintaining our performance standards.
(Bandura) Marshmallow experiment
ability to delay gratification and to exert self-control in the face of strong situational pressures and emotionally “hot” temptations
(Kelly) fundamental postulate
“A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events.”
(Kelly) construction corollary
“A person anticipates events by construing their replications.”
(Kelly) experience corollary
“A person’s construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events.”
(Kelly) dichotomy corollary
“A person’s construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs.”
(Kelly) organization corollary
“Each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.”
(Kelly) range corollary
“A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only.”
(Kelly) modulation corollary
“The variation in a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie.”
(Kelly) choice corollary
“A person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system.”
(Kelly) individuality corollary
“Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.”
(Kelly) commonality corollary
“To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another; his psychological processes are similar to the other person.”
(Kelly) fragmentation corollary
“A person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other.”
(Kelly) sociality corollary
“To the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another; he may play a role in a social process involving the other person.”
(Kelly) constructs of transition (emotions/affect/feelings)
experiences we have when we move from one way of looking at the world or ourselves to another.
(Kelly) Psychological disorder
“Any personal construction which is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation.”
(Rogers) Fulfillment theory
Releaseing one’s inner potentials and becoming one’s self
(Fromm) 3 ways to escape from freedom
- Authoritarian
- Destructiveness
- Automaton conformity
