Top 100 Drugs Flashcards
Acetaminophen
Pain Relief / Analgesic
Inhibition of prostaglandin or cannabinoid receptors
Codeine
Pain Relief / Analgesic
Mu Opioid Receptor Agonist and open K+ channel to decrease hyperexcitability (Mostly with C and Aδ Fibres)
Albuterol
Anti-Asthamatic / Bronchidilator
Beta 2 Agonist that activates Gs/cAMP pathway to relax bronchi smooth muscle
Alendronate / Alendronic Acid
Treat (Post-Menopausal) Osteoperosis
Bisphosphate that is taken with Vitamin D to restore bones
Allopurinol
Treat Gout (Inflammatory Arthritis caused by Uric Acid Build Up)
Xanthinine Oxidase Inhibitor decreases uric acid production and prevent gout
Alprazolam
Anxiolytic (24 hrs)
Benzodiazepine (PAM) that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity
Amitriptyline
Treat Depression but now only used for neuropathic pain
Tricyclic Antidepressant that block NA and 5-HT reuptake to re-elevate mood.
Lots of side effects like a1-Antagonism (Postural Hypotension), H1-Antagonism (Sedation), M Antagonist (Constipation)
Amoxicillin
Broad Antibiotic
Penicillin mimics D-ala-D-ala motif and inhibit transpeptidase and prevent cross-linking of linear NAM-NAG polymers to inhibit cell wall synthesis
Hydrophilic and able to enter gram-negative bacteria via. porins but prone to beta-lactamase (Need Clavulanic Acid)
Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine
Treat ADHD and Narcolepsy (Drowsy)
Increase Monoamines (NA/DA) in synapse and act as stimulant but could lead to hallucination and psychosis (Loud Speech + Chew Relentlessly + Strange Face Gestures)
… Opposite of Parkinson Patients
Atenolol
High BP, Chest Pain Treatment
Beta 1 Antagonist that decreases heart contractility, heart rate, renin release in Juxtaglomerular apparatus to decrease BP. (Water soluble = Long half-life)
Does not cause bronchoconstriction or peripheral Vasoconstriction since selective. BUT cause Type II Diabetes…?
Atorvastatin
Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close)
- Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease
- Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke
HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors
Azithromycin
Macrolide Antibiotic that works on broad range of bacteria and mycobacteria.
Bind to 50S subunit and inhibit translocation of aminoacyl tRNA. Prevent grow of bacterial polypeptide since no incoming aminoacyl tRNA (Bacteriostatic)
Benazepril
Decrease BP (Treat Hypertension)
ACE Inhibitor that prevent Ang-I to Ang-II (Vasoconstrictor) and reduce Na+ Absorption via. decreasing Aldosterone action
This decreases ENaC expression on collecting duct and reduce Preload and afterload.
Therefore, reduce Cardiac Workload and improve Symptoms of heart failure and increase mortality rate.
ACE also cleaves Bradykinin → ACE Inhibitors increase Bradykinin-Mediated Vasodilation
Amlodipine
Decrease BP in angina and CHD patients
Calcium channel blocker that inhibit L-Type VG Ca2+ Channels and prevents Ca2+ Influx. This prevents vascular smooth muscle contraction and cause vasodilation (Decrease TPR/BP)
Carisoprodol
Muscle Relaxant for Spasms / Sedation
Possibly trigger GABA-A receptors and induce parasympathetic nerves to alter pain perception and induce sedation
Carvedilol
Treat Hypertension and Heart Failure
Vasodilating α1/β1 Antagonists
Block NA action on α1-adrenpreceptors on vasculature to induce vasodilation and decrease BP
Block NA action on β1-adrenpreceptors on heart to decrease HR/contractility
Cefdinir
Cephalosporin Antibiotic
Prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibit transpeptidase and prevent cross-linking of linear NAM-NAG polymers
Celecoxib
Treat Pain and Inflammation
Selective COX-2 Inhibitor but taken off the market since increased risk of serious cardiovascular problems
Cephalexin
Cephalosporin Antibiotic
Prevent bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibit transpeptidase and prevent cross-linking of linear NAM-NAG polymers
Ciprofloxacin
Broad-Range Antibiotic
Quinolone Antibiotic.
DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase II Inhibitors that prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA and thus prevent DNA packaging
Citalopram
Treat Depression or Anxiety
Selective Seretonin Receptor Inhibitor that bind to SERT and prevent 5-HT reuptake selectively and increase 5-HT in synapse to elevate mood.
Have therapeutic lag since takes time for 5-HT1A receptor on pre-synaptic neuron to be desensitized to allow SSRI to only work at post-synaptic neuron
Clonazepam
Treat Anxiety
Benzodiazepine (PAM) that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity
Clonidine HCl
Treat High BP but not used anymore
Alpha 2 Agonist in nucleus tractus solitarius (CNS) and presynaptically inhibit release of NA.
BUT At High Conc, it can still stimulate α1 and Post-Synaptic α2 and induce Vasoconstriction
Clopidogrel
Antiplatelet Agent (Prevent blood clot)
ADP (P2Y12) Inhibitors on surface of platelets, which prevents ADP inducing platelet aggregation.
Often used as a secondary prevention (e.g.) Prevent Bloodclot + Prevent another heart attack after fixing heart attack
Conjugated Estrogens (Premarin)
Treat Menopausal (40 yrs) symptoms such as vaginal dryness and irritation, hot flashes, and night sweats. Also, prevents bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption
Replaces estrogen that body loses during menopause (BUT still at low concentrations of estrogen).
Binds to estrogen receptors in hypothalamus and reduces GnRH release and also reduce FSH/LH release from pituitary gland (Pulsatile signalling)
Diazepam
Sedation (anxiolytic) → Stress Relief
Hypnosis → Treat sleep disorders
Muscle relaxation → Treat spastic Muscle condition
Anti-convulsant → Treat Epilepsy
Could cause short-term Amnesia
Benzodiazepine (PAM) that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity
Diclofenac sodium
Reduce inflammation/pain
NSAID inhibit COX1/COX2 non-selectively and prevent prostaglandin synthesis.
Some research suggests diclofenac can inhibit the thromboxane-prostanoid receptor, affect arachidonic acid release and uptake, inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes, and activate the nitric oxide-cGMP antinociceptive pathway.
Yaz (drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol)
Prevents pregnancy
Inhibits ovulation and maturation of follicles by inhibiting GnRH, LH and FSH release.
Duloxetine
Anti-depression, Anti-Anxiry, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and chronic musculoskeletal pain
SNRI that prevent both 5HT and NA reuptake → Increase NA and 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft → Increase Mood/Anti-depression
Doxycycline
Tetracycline Antibiotic that bind to 30S subunit and prevent amino-acyl tRNA binding to aminoacyl site of mRNA. (Prevents incoming of new tRNA)
Bacteriostatic
Enalapril
Treat High BP, Heart Failure
ACE Inhibitor that prevents conversion of Ang I to Ang II, suppressing vasoconstriction and decrease BP.
Can also reduce Na+ Absorption via. decreasing Aldosterone action and hence decrease ENaC expression on collecting duct. This will reduce Preload and afterload. Therefore, reducing Cardiac Workload and improve symptoms of heart failure
ACE also cleaves Bradykinin → ACE Inhibitors increase Bradykinin-Mediated Vasodilation
Escitalopram
Treat Depression or Anxiety
Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor that prevent serotonin (5-HT) reuptake selectively. This increases 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft and Improve mood
Esomeprazole
Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)
Ezetimibe
High Cholesterol Treatment
Inhibits Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol via. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 protein. Used with Statin to lower LDL levels.
Fenofibrate
Decrease cholesterol / lipids
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) Agonist, which increases FA Oxidation in Muscle/ Liver and activate Lipoprotein Lipase. This would decrease Serum triacylglycerol (TAG)
Used with Statins to lower TAG levels if TAG is not below 10mmol/L. NOT First-Line for Cardiac Risk prevention since results of decreasing lipid risk are mixed.
Fexofenadine
Allergy Treatment
Antihistamine that selectively antagonise H1 receptors and reduce Phospholipase A2 activity. This would decrease AA synthesis and reduce inflammation.
Fluconazole
Triazole Antifungal Drug
Inhibit ergosterol and cell wall lipid synthesis / inhibit CYP450 and phospholipid integrity of fungi
Fluoxetine
Depression or Anxiety Treatment
Selective Seratonin Receptor Inhibitor → Selectively inhibit SERT → Prevent 5-HT Reuptake → Increase 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft → Increase Mood/Anti-depression
Therapeutic Lag
Adavir
(Fluticasone and Salmeterol)
Asthma Treatment/Prevention
Fluticasone for Allergy
Oral Corticosteroid that inhibit the secretion of histamines, cytokines, and leukotrienes and reduce activity of mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages
Long Acting Beta 2 Agonist that induce bronchodilation by increase cAMP in Smooth Muscle Cells of Bronchioles
Folic acid
Anemia Treatment/Prevention, Development of neural tube in babies
Folic acid supplements used to make DNA/RNA for neural development
Furosemide
Decrease Edema and Hypertension
Inhibits NKCC2 in TALH (Inhibit up to 20% Filtered Na+ is excreted) → Prevent Na+/Cl- Reabsorption → NaCl accumulated in medulla via. TALH would drive H2O absorption in Collecting Duct
(Note: TALH is impermeable to H2O and thus effect present in collecting duct)
Gabapentin
Treat Neuropathic Pain / Seizure Control
Anticonsulvant that bind to α2δ proteins of voltage gated Ca2+ Channel in CNS and prevent Ca2+ entry in nerve ending → Prevent release of neurotransmitters like glutamate → Hyperpolarisation → Decrease Hyperexcitability / Pain
Glimepiride / Glyburide / Glipizide
Treat Diabetes Type II
Sulfonylurea medications that inhibit K-ATP channels in pancreatic beta cells and decrease K+ efflux. This would depolarize cell and induce Ca2+ influx by VG receptors that drive insulin release form vesicles.
Need pancreatic beta-cells to still be alive for working.
Normal route:
HIgh Glucose synthesise ATP (From glycolysis/TCG) and result in ingiviting K-ATP channels and release ATP
Hydrochlorothiazide
High Blood Pressure Treatment
Block NCC Co-transporter in DCT and decrease Na+/Cl- Reabsorption.
Indirectly increase K+ Excretion in to Collecting Duct, increase Ca2+ Absorption due to decrease Na+/Ca2+ Exchange on basolateral membrane.
Exactly how it reduce BP is unknown. Also, Increase PO3- Excretion (Unknown).
Hydrocodone / Oxycodone
Narcotic Analgesic
Mu Opioid Receptor Agonist and open K+ channel to decrease hyperexcitability (Mostly with C and Aδ Fibres)
Ibuprofen
Pain Relief
Antipyretic/Anti-inflammatory and Analgesics since inhibit PGE2 (Inflammatory Mediators)
BUT Increase Gastric Acid (Cause Ulcers)/ Relax Uterus / Decrease Renal Blood flow / Prevent Platelet Aggregation since inhibit PGE2, PGI2 and TXA2
Lantus (insulin glargine)
Treat Type I and II Diabetes
Increase Insulin in bloodstream. Binding to insulin receptors results GLUT4 receptor exocytosis and increase glucose absorption from bloodstream into muscle and adipose tissue.
Isosorbide mononitrate or Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN)
Chest Pain (Angina) Prevention
Enters smooth muscle cell and is converted to NO via. catalysis of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2).
NO activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in vascular endothelial cells, Increase cGMP , PKG, MLC concentration (By phosphorylating MLC phosphotase) to increase smooth muscle relaxation
Lansoprazole
Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)
Levofloxacin
Quinolone Antibiotic.
DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase II Inhibitors that prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA and thus prevent DNA packaging
Levothyroxine
Thyroid Hormone Deficiency Therapy
Thyroid Hormone Replacement as it is equivalent to T4. T4 can diffuse into the cell nucleus and induce gene transcription.
T4 is often converted into T3 (More Active Form) via. Selenodeiodinase I/II
Lisinopril
Treat High BP / Heart Failure
ACE Inhibitor that prevents conversion of Ang I to Ang II, suppressing vasoconstriction and decrease BP.
Can also reduce Na+ Absorption via. decreasing Aldosterone action and hence decrease ENaC expression on collecting duct. This will reduce Preload and afterload. Therefore, reducing Cardiac Workload and improve symptoms of heart failure
ACE also cleaves Bradykinin → ACE Inhibitors increase Bradykinin-Mediated Vasodilation
Lorazepam
Anxiolytic / Hypnotic
Benzodiazepine (PAM) with medium half-life that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity
Losartan
High BP/Heart Failure Treatment
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker that prevent Angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors and cause vasodilation
(AT1 Antagonist)
Lovastatin
Decrease Cholesterol
HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis, decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors
Meloxicam
Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) that inhibit COX1/COX2 non-selectively and prevent prostaglandin synthesis. This would induce antipyretic/analgesia effects
Metformin
Treat Diabetes
Biguanide that decreases insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by enhancing peripheral glucose uptake (by phosphorylating GLUT-4 enhancer factor)
Also reduces hepatic glucose production; inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver.
Most useful in obese NIDDM patient and patients where sulfonylurea drugs not work
Methylprednisone
Pain reliever, Inflammation
Corticosteroid that decreases inflammation via suppression of the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing increased capillary permeability
Metoprolol succinate
Treat angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, hypertension
Beta 1 selective blocker that decreases heart contractility, heart rate, renin release in Juxtaglomerular apparatus to decrease BP.
May also be an inverse agonist since it can reduce activity below basal levels
Mometasone
Allergy Treatment/Prevention
Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties
Corticosteroid that decreases inflammation via inhibiting mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes
Montelukast
Asthma & Allergy Treatment/Prevention
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist that inhibits LTD4 binding to CysLT1 receptor. This causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels near the bronchi and induces bronchodilation. Overall, Treat asthma
Naproxen
Pain Treatment
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) that inhibit COX1/COX2 non-selectively and prevent prostaglandin synthesis. This would induce antipyretic/analgesia effects
Omeprazole
Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)
Pantoprazole
Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Proton Pump Inhibitor that suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric parietal cell (Prevent H+ entry to stomach)
Paroxetine
Treat Depression and Anxiety
Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor (SSRI) that bind to SERT and prevent 5-HT reuptake selectively and increase 5-HT in synapse to elevate mood.
Have therapeutic lag since takes time for 5-HT1A receptor on pre-synaptic neuron to be desensitized to allow SSRI to only work at post-synaptic neuron
Pioglitazone
Treat Type II Diabetes
Pioglitazone selectively stimulates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and to a lesser extent PPAR-α.
Upregulates target genes such as IRS1, IRS2, PI3K, GLUT4 to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Deficiency Treatment
K+ electrolyte
Pravastatin
Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close)
- Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease
- Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke
HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors
Prednisone
Treat Allergy, Inflammation, Asthma
Oral Corticosteroid that decreases inflammation via suppression of the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversing increased capillary permeability
Pregabalin
Treat Diabetic Neuropathic Pain
Anticonsulvant that bind to α2δ proteins of voltage gated Ca2+ Channel in CNS and prevent Ca2+ entry in nerve ending → Prevent release of neurotransmitters like glutamate → Hyperpolarisation → Decrease Hyperexcitability / Pain
Promethazine
Treat allergic conditions, nausea and vomiting, motion sickness, and sedation
H1 Antagonist for allergy treatment. Can cause sedation but rapid tolerance.
Also able to inhibit mesolimbic pathway.
May also inhibit dopaminergic receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla to prevent nausea.
Quetiapine
Antipsychotic
Atypical 2nd Gen Antipsychotic that inhibit 5-HT2A Receptors in frontal cortex to relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia and antagonism at D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway to relieve positive symptoms pf schizophrenia.
However, D2 antagonism is weak and not have strong EPS side effects
Ranitidine
Treat Ulcers and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
H2 Antagonist on parietal cells lead to decrease in Gs and cAMP concentrations in parietal cell. Decrease H+/K+ ATPase activity and decrease H+ or gastric acid secretion to stomach
Note: H2 receptor trigger Gs protein
Rosuvastatin
Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close)
- Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease
- Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke
HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors
Have long half-life like Atorvastain
Sertraline HCl
Treat Depression and Anxiety
Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor (SSRI) that bind to SERT and prevent 5-HT reuptake selectively and increase 5-HT in synapse to elevate mood.
Have therapeutic lag since takes time for 5-HT1A receptor on pre-synaptic neuron to be desensitized to allow SSRI to only work at post-synaptic neuron
Sildenafil
Viagra
PDE5 Inhibitor that prevent cGMP metabolism to GMP in smooth muscle cell via. inhibiting PDE-5. Increase in cGMP results in higher PKG conc. that could promote smoothe muscle relaxation by MLC phosphotase pathway
Simvastatin
Decrease cholesterol for patients with cardiovascular disease (or close)
- Familial Hyperlipidaemias / Diabetes / Chronic Kidney Disease
- Myocardial Infraction / Angina / Stroke
HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitor to decrease cholesterol synthesis , decrease VLDL synthesis and remove LDL from bloodstream by LDL receptors
Have long half-life like Atorvastain
Spironolactone
Treat Edema, Hypertension, Heart Failure
Competitive Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist at Mineralocorticoid Receptor in collecting duct → Decrease ENaC expression on apical membrane of collecting duct → Reduce water and Na+ absorption in distal tubule → Reduces preload → Reduce cardiac workload
Half-life = 10 min BUT Active Metabolite = 16hrs → Slow onset of action
Sulfamethoxazole
Antibacterial Drug
Nucleoside/tide Synthesis Inhibitors that mimics p-aminobenzoic acid moiety of folic acids) → Inhibit DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHETASE (1st Step) and prevent folate formation.
Trimethoprim
Antibacterial Drug
Nucleoside/tide Synthesis Inhibitors that mimics PTERIDINE-PABA adduct → Inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FH2 reductase is 2nd Step) and prevent tetrahydrofolate formation.
Note: Bacterial/Human FH2 reductase is different and trimethoprim selective to bacteria
Tamsulosin
Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) BPH is a dIsease where enlarged Prostate presses on urethra. This causes the Urethra to narrow down and make it difficult to Urinate
α1 Antagonists relax Prostatic smooth muscle and decrease pressure on Urethra. This increases the Urinary Flow
Tamsulosin (Selective to Prostatic α1) is used as it has high affinity to prostatic α1 receptors + Low effect on BP - Thus, more potent and safe for BPH.
Temazepam
Anxiety, Insomnia Treatment
Benzodiazepine (PAM) with medium half-life that increases frequency of Cl- Channel opening in GABA-A receptors (Potentiate GABA) and decrease glutaminergic activity
Topiramate
Anti-epileptic / Anti-convulsant
Blocks Na+ Channels on inactive state (Refractory Period) to decrease Na+ influx into neurons and decrease activity of hyperexcitable cells.
As the drug is use-dependent, drug prefentially block Na+ channel on excitatory neurons. Decrease hyperexcitation in more excitatory neurons lead to retain normal action potential activity. Inhibit Glu than GABA.
It also stimulates GABA-A receptor activity at brain non-benzodiazepine receptor sites and reduces glutamate activity at both AMPA and kainate receptors.
Tramadol
Pain Relief
Tramadol is a centrally acting μ-opioid receptor agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake-inhibitor)
Triamcinolone
Decrease Skin Inflammation/Irritation
Corticosteroids like triamcinolone inhibit phospholipase A2 on cell membranes, preventing the breakdown of lysosomal membranes of leukocytes, which in turn prevent the formation of arachidonic acid, which decrease expression of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Trazodone
Treat Depression
Serotonin Antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). Inhibit 5-HT Reuptake to Increase 5-HT in Synapse and 5HT2R Antagonist to inhibit 5-HT Post-Synaptic Effects (Decrease insomnia, agitation, sexual dysfunction, nausea)
Luckily no mAChR antagonism (No Muscarininc Side Effects). BUT Inhibit H1 = Sedative / Inhibit α1 Adrenoreceptors = Orthostatic hypotension
Triamterene
Treat HIgh BP / Heart Failure (First-line)
Blocks epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) on the lumen side in collecting duct → Reduce water and Na+ absorption in distal tubule → Reduces preload → Reduce cardiac workload
Valaciclovir
Antiviral Drug for DNA viruses
Prodrug of Acyclovir.
Acyclovir enters cell and is converted to ACV-Monophosphate via. Viral Thymidine Kinase (Bioactivation is restricted to viral infected cell)
Host kinases then convert it to ACV-triphosphate (Nucleotide) that bind and inhibit Viral DNA polymerase (More specific than Host DNA polymerase)
Acyclovir input to 3’End of growing DNA chain → Chain terminates since Acyclovir not contain cylic ring and 3’-OH
Acyclovir/Ganciclovir is more effective in chain termination than Iodoxuridine/ Vidanbine since not contain ring and 3’OH.
Valsartan
High BP and Heart Failure Treatment
Ang II Antagonist at AT-1 Receptor. Prevent Angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors and cause vasodilation
(AT1 Antagonist)
Venlafaxine
Depression or Anxiety Treatment
Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) → inhibits both SERT AND NET → Prevent both 5HT and NA reuptake → Increase NA and 5-HT in Synaptic Cleft → Increase Mood/Anti-depression
Verapamil
Treat High BP, Chest Pain (Angina), Atrial Fibrillation and Tachycardia
L-Type Ca2+ Channel Blockers that decrease Ca2+ Influx into cardiomyocytes during depolarisation in the SA and AV nodes.
This reduces slow inward Ca2+ current and result in a slow rise in action potential. Thus, slow down HR and AV conduction which Inhibits Ectopic beats and also decrease contractility of heart.
