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Google CyberSecurity Certification > Tools of the Trade: Linux and SQL > Flashcards

Tools of the Trade: Linux and SQL Flashcards

1
Q

Application

A

A program that performs a specific task.

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2
Q

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

A

A microchip that contains loading instructions for the computer and is prevalent in older systems.

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3
Q

Bootloader

A

A software program that boots the operating system.

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4
Q

Graphical user interface (GUI)

A

A user interface that uses icons on the screen to manage different tasks on the computer.

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5
Q

Hardware

A

The physical components of a computer.

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6
Q

Legacy operating system

A

An operating system that is outdated but still being used.

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7
Q

Operating system (OS)

A

The interface between computer hardware and the user.

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8
Q

Random Access Memory (RAM)

A

A hardware component used for short-term memory.

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9
Q

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

A

A microchip that contains loading instructions for the computer and replaces BIOS on more modern systems.

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10
Q

User interface

A

A program that allows the user to control the functions of the operating system.

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11
Q

Virtual machine (VM)

A

A virtual version of a physical computer.

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12
Q

What does BIOS stand for?

A

Basic Input/Output System

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13
Q

What does CLI stand for?

A

Command-line interface

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14
Q

What does GUI stand for?

A

Graphical user interface

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15
Q

What does OS stand for?

A

Operating system

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16
Q

What does RAM stand for?

A

Random Access Memory

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17
Q

What does UEFI stand for?

A

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

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18
Q

What does VM stand for?

A

Virtual Machine

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19
Q

Bash

A

The default shell in most Linux distributions.

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20
Q

CentOS

A

An open-source distribution that is closely related to Red Hat.

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21
Q

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A

A computer’s main processor, which is used to perform general computing tasks on a computer.

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22
Q

Command

A

An instruction telling the computer to do something.

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23
Q

Digital forensics

A

The practice of collecting and analyzing data to determine what has happened after an attack.

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24
Q

Directory

A

A file that organizes where other files are stored.

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25
Q

Distributions

A

The different versions of Linux.

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26
Q

File path

A

The location of a file or directory.

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27
Q

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

A

The component of the Linux OS that organizes data.

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28
Q

Hard drive

A

A hardware component used for long-term memory.

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29
Q

Hardware

A

The physical components of a computer.

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30
Q

Internal hardware

A

The components required to run the computer.

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31
Q

Kernel

A

The component of the Linux OS that manages processes and memory.

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32
Q

Kali Linux ™

A

An open-source distribution of Linux that is widely used in the security industry.

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33
Q

Linux

A

An open source operating system.

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34
Q

Package

A

A piece of software that can be combined with other packages to form an application.

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35
Q

Package manager

A

A tool that helps users install, manage, and remove packages or applications.

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36
Q

Parrot

A

An open-source distribution that is commonly used for security.

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37
Q

Penetration test (pen test)

A

A simulated attack that helps identify vulnerabilities in systems, networks, websites, applications, and processes.

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38
Q

Peripheral devices

A

Hardware components that are attached and controlled by the computer system.

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39
Q

Red Hat® Enterprise Linux®

A

A subscription-based distribution of Linux built for enterprise use.

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40
Q

Standard error

A

An error message returned by the OS through the shell.

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41
Q

Shell

A

The command-line interpreter

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42
Q

Standard input

A

Information received by the OS via the command line.

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43
Q

Standard output

A

Information returned by the OS through the shell.

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44
Q

String data

A

Data consisting of an ordered sequence of characters.

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45
Q

Ubuntu

A

An open-source, user-friendly distribution that is widely used in security and other industries.

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46
Q

User

A

The person interacting with a computer.

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47
Q

AlmaLinux

A

A community-driven Linux distribution that was created as a stable replacement for CentOS.

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48
Q

What does FHS stand for?

A

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

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49
Q

What does CPU stand for?

A

Central Processing Unit

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50
Q

Absolute file path

A

The full file path, which starts from the root.

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51
Q

Argument (Linux)

A

Specific information needed by a command.

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52
Q

Authentication

A

The process of verifying who someone is.

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53
Q

Authorization

A

The concept of granting access to specific resources in a system.

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54
Q

Command

A

The default shell in most Linux distributions.

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55
Q

nano

A

A command-line file editor that is available by default in many Linux distributions.

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56
Q

Options

A

Input that modifies the behavior of a command.

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57
Q

Permissions

A

The type of access granted for a file or directory.

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58
Q

Principle of least privilege

A

The concept of granting only the minimal access and authorization required to complete a task or function.

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59
Q

Relative file path

A

A file path that starts from the user’s current directory.

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60
Q

Root directory

A

The highest-level directory in Linux.

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61
Q

Root user (or superuser)

A

A user with elevated privileges to modify the system.

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62
Q

File path

A

The location of a file or directory.

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63
Q

/bin

A

This directory stands for “binary” and contains binary files and other executables. Executables are files that contain a series of commands a computer needs to follow to run programs and perform other functions.

64
Q

/home

A

Each user in the system gets their own home directory.

65
Q

/etc

A

This directory stores the system’s configuration files.

66
Q

/tmp

A

This directory stores many temporary files. The /tmp directory is commonly used by attackers because anyone in the system can modify data in these files.

67
Q

/mnt

A

This directory stands for “mount” and stores media, such as USB drives and hard drives.

68
Q

Filtering

A

Selecting data that match a certain condition.

69
Q

grep

A

This command searches a specified file and returns all lines in the file containing a specified string or text.

70
Q

Piping

A

This sends the standard output of one command as standard input to another command for further processing.

71
Q

find

A

This command searches for directories and files that meet specified criteria.

72
Q

pwd

A

This command prints the working directory to the screen.

73
Q

ls

A

This command displays the names of the files and directories in the current working directory.

74
Q

cd

A

This command navigates between directories.

75
Q

cat

A

This command displays the content of a file.

76
Q

head

A

This command displays just the beginning of a file, by default 10 lines.

77
Q

tail

A

This command can be used to display just the end of a file, by default 10 lines.

78
Q

less

A

This command returns the content of a file one page at a time.

79
Q

mkdir

A

This command creates a new directory.

80
Q

rmdir

A

This command removes, or deletes, a directory.

81
Q

touch

A

This command creates a new file.

82
Q

rm

A

This command removes, or deletes, a file.

83
Q

mv

A

This command moves a file or directory to a new location.

84
Q

cp

A

This command copies a file or directory into a new location.

85
Q

>

A

This operator sends output of echo to an existing file by overwriting it.

86
Q

> >

A

This operator sends output of echo to an existing file by adding your content to the end of this file instead of overwriting it.

87
Q

read permissions

A

For files, this is the ability to read the file contents; for directories, this is the ability to read all contents in the directory including both files and subdirectories.

88
Q

write permissions

A

For files, this is the ability to make modifications on the file contents; for directories, this is the ability to create new files in the directory.

89
Q

execute permissions

A

For files, this is the ability to execute the file if it’s a program; for directories, this is the ability to enter the directory and access its files.

90
Q

user

A

The owner of the file.

91
Q

group

A

A larger group that the owner is a part of.

92
Q

other

A

All other users on the system.

93
Q

ls -a

A

Displays hidden files. Hidden files start with a period (.) at the beginning.

94
Q

ls -l

A

Displays permissions to files and directories. Also displays other additional information, including owner name, group, file size, and the time of last modification.

95
Q

ls -la

A

Displays permissions to files and directories, including hidden files. This is a combination of the other two options.

96
Q

chmod

A

This command can help you manage this authorization by changing permissions on files and directories.

97
Q

sudo

A

This command is important for security analysts because it allows users to have elevated permissions without risking the system by running commands as the root user. It temporarily grants elevated permissions to specific users.

98
Q

root user

A

A user with elevated privileges to modify the system.

98
Q

useradd

A

This command adds a user to the system.

99
Q

useradd -g

A

This command sets the user’s default group, also called their primary group,

100
Q

useradd -G

A

This command adds the user to additional groups, also called supplemental or secondary groups.

101
Q

usermod

A

This command modifies existing user accounts.

102
Q

useradd -g

A

This command changes the primary group of an existing user.

103
Q

useradd -a -G

A

This command appends a supplemental group for an existing user.

104
Q

useradd -d

A

This command changes the user’s home directory.

105
Q

useradd -l

A

This command changes the user’s login name.

106
Q

useradd -L

A

This command locks the account so the user can’t log in.

107
Q

userdel

A

This command deletes a user from the system, but doesn’t delete the files in the user’s home directory.

108
Q

userdel -r

A

This command deletes a user from the system and deletes the files in the user’s home directory.

109
Q

chown

A

This command changes ownership of a file or directory.

109
Q

usermod -L

A

This command deactivates the user account.

110
Q

chown :<group_name> <file_name></file_name></group_name>

A

This command designates a group name, or changes group ownership, to a specific file.

111
Q

man

A

This command displays information on other commands and how they work.

112
Q

apropos

A

This command searches the man page descriptions for a specified string.

113
Q

apropos -a

A

This command searches the man page descriptions for a specified string using multiple words.

114
Q

whatis

A

This command displays a description of a command on a single line.

115
Q

Database

A

An organized collection of information or data.

116
Q

Date and time data

A

Data representing a date and/or time.

117
Q

Exclusive operator

A

An operator that does not include the value of comparison (e.g. <= and >=).

118
Q

Filtering

A

Selecting data that match a certain condition.

119
Q

Foreign key

A

A column in a table that is a primary key in another table.

120
Q

Inclusive operator

A

An operator that includes the value of comparison (e.g. < and >).

121
Q

Numeric data

A

Data consisting of numbers.

122
Q

Operator

A

A symbol or keyword that represents an operation.

123
Q

Primary key

A

A column where every row has a unique entry with no NULL values.

124
Q

Query

A

A request for data from a database table or a combination of tables.

125
Q

Relational database

A

A structured database containing tables that are related to each other.

126
Q

SQL (Structured Query Language)

A

A programming language used to create, interact with, and request information from a database.

127
Q

Syntax

A

The rules that determine what is correctly structured in a computing language.

128
Q

Wildcard

A

A special character that can be substituted with any other character.

129
Q

sqlite3

A

After this command, any commands typed in the command line will be directed to SQL instead of Linux commands.

130
Q

SELECT

A

This keyword indicates which columns to return.

131
Q

SELECT *

A

This statement will return all columns in a table.

132
Q

FROM

A

This keyword indicates which table to query.

133
Q

DESC

A

This keyword is short for “descending” and tells SQL to sort numbers from largest to smallest, or alphabetically from Z to A.

133
Q

ORDER BY

A

This keyword is used for organizing the data you extract from a table by sequencing the records based on a specified column or columns.

134
Q

WHERE

A

This clause creates a filter in SQL.

135
Q

wildcard

A

This is a special character that can be substituted with any other character. Two of the most useful wildcards are the percentage sign (%) and the underscore (_)

136
Q

%

A

The wildcard substitutes for any number of other characters.

137
Q

_

A

The wildcard only substitutes for one other character.

137
Q

LIKE

A

This operator applies wildcards to the filter.

138
Q

<> or !=

A

This comparison operator denotes not equal to.

139
Q

BETWEEN

A

This operator filters for numbers or dates within a range and is inclusive.

140
Q

AND

A

This operator specifies that two conditions must be met simultaneously.

141
Q

OR

A

This operator specifies that either condition or both conditions can be met.

142
Q

NOT

A

This operator negates a condition.

143
Q

INNER JOIN

A

This join returns rows matching on a specified column that exists in more than one table

144
Q

LEFT JOIN

A

This join returns all the records of the first table, but only returns rows of the second table that match on a specified column.

145
Q

RIGHT JOIN

A

This join returns all of the records of the second table, but only returns rows from the first table that match on a specified column.

146
Q

FULL OUTER JOIN

A

This join returns all records from both tables.

147
Q

ON

A

This keyword is used with the = operator to indicate the column you are joining the tables on.

148
Q

Aggregate functions

A

Functions that perform a calculation over multiple data points and return the result of the calculation.

148
Q

COUNT

A

This aggregate function returns a single number that represents the number of rows returned from your query.

148
Q

AVG

A

This aggregate function returns a single number that represents the average of the numerical data in a column.

149
Q

SUM

A

This aggregate function returns a single number that represents the sum of the numerical data in a column.

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