Toolkit Terminology Flashcards
What is G.A.S.P.P? - Text analysis and Audience
- Genre (How would you categorize the text?)
- Audience (Who reads the text?)
- Subject (What is the text about?)
- Producer (What kind of person or people have produced this text?)
- Purpose (Why did they write it?)
What is a Direct address? - Text analysis and Audience
This is the name of the person being spoken to. (Proper noun)
What is a second person pronoun? - Text analysis and Audience
E.g Do you need help smoking?
You
What is synthetic personalisation? - Text analysis and Audience
Fake relationship created with the reader. This is done to single the reader out
E.g Fifa 12 revolutionizes the game you love.
What is Inclusive address? - Text analysis and Audience
This groups the readers of the text. Uses first person plural pronouns. (We and us)
This group of the readers is called a pseudo community.
E.g We’ve all been there: Right girl, right place, wrong boyfriend.
What is an imperative clause used for sometimes in terms of address? - Text analysis and Audience
This commands the reader to do something.
E.g click here. or order now.
What is a register? - Text analysis and Audience
Register is used by writers and can be linked to address.
For instance the use of grammar. Stricter use of grammar (teacher, boss.) Looser use of grammar (Friend, family)
What is a preferred reading? - Text analysis and producer
The audience accepts and agrees with the values and messages of the text.
What is negotiated reading? - Text analysis and producer
Some audience accepts and agrees with the values and messages of the text.
What is oppositional reading? - Text analysis and producer
Some audience will completely disagree with the values and messages of the text.
What is a interactional text?
It is a text which is used to build and maintain relationships.
What is a transactional text?
A text used to convey information to get things done.
What are emoticons and smilies ? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Pictures of faces used to show emotion. They can also be created using punctuation.
What is the reduplication of letters? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Letters repeated to add emphasis
What is Phonetic spelling? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Spelling words as they sound. E.g dun instead of done.
What are acronyms and initialisms? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Using the first letters of words to make up phrases, e.g LOL ROTFLOL.
What is taboo language? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Words and phrases that aregenerally considered inappropriate in certain contexts. E.g Fuck, shit, cunt.
What is Cultural referencing ? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Using refernces to things that are happening in the media, music, t.v, fashion… etc. e.g The 80s called they want their outfit back.
What is deletion? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Removing words to make the utternce shorter, E.g Not seen it instead of I haven’t seen it.
What is letter/Number homophones? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Replacing words or part of words with letters and numbers that sound the same, e.g 2,C,U,8 Can be extended to make a whole phrase CUL8R
What is Free form formal conventions? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Online, we use language that is not dictated by the formality of standard spelling, punctuation and grammar
What is Abbreviation and contraction? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Shortening words, E.g Uni instead of university, or haven’t instead of have not.
What is replication of speech patterns? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
The used of phrases, constructions and presentation to recreate stimulate visual and auditory features of spoken language e.g Um or er to suggest thinking.
What is Assimilation? - Phonological features
The complete loss of a sound in rapid connected E.g Wensday Foopball
What is Alliteration? - Phonological features
The repitition of the initial consonant sound in words in close proximety E.g Men are gruff ad grumpy,cranky, crabbed and cross.
What is Onomatopoeia? - Phonological features
The repetition of the initial consonant sound in words in close proximity E.g Bang Babble Tinkle.
What is Assonance? - Phonological features
The Repetition of the Vowel sound in words in close proximity E.g Maybe it’s Maybelline.
What is Consonance? - Phonological features
The repetition of final consonant sounds in close proximity e.g Odds and Ends, short and sweet.
What is Rhyme? - Phonological features
The correspondence of sounds at the ends of pairs/groups of clauses or lines E.g I’m a lean, mean man fighting machine
What is Rhythm ? - Phonological features
The pattern created by the distribution of stressed and unstressed syllables in an utterance e.g I came to bury ceasar, not to praise him.
What are Interjections? - Phonological features
A word or phrase associated with the sudden expression of emotion in spontaneous speech. E.g No way!
What are non standard forms? - Phonological features
Words or phrases from slang or dialect. E.g That’s bare sick innit fam
What is Elision? - Phonological features
The sliding together of tow sounds into one in rapid casual speech E.g Gotcha, dunno.
What are long vowels? - Phonological features
The gentle, languid effect of long vowel sounds eg. The cool wave withdrew down the fading beach.
What are short Vowels? - Phonological features
The clipped, abrupt effect of short vowel sounds e.g He smashed his fist down into the box
What are soft consonants? - Phonological features
The mellifluous effect of soft consonant sounds. e.g The murmuring pleasure of a Lazy stream
What are hard consonants? - Phonological features
The harsh effect of hard consonant sounds e.g The furious witch cackled and spat.
What is Synchronous? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
The online conservation takes place in real-time with immediate turn-taking.
What is Over-Lexicalisation? - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Using more words than you really need to convey an idea to add emphasis and stress, e.g ‘U R never, ever, gonna believe this… not in a million billion years…’
What is replication of non-verbal features - Mixed mode and online/Text talk
Using features to replicate inter-personal aspects of spoken language and to make it seem real e.g Using capital letters to indicate shouting, using facial epressions (Emoticons) Simulating laughter (Hahahah), use of suspension dots (..)/ hyphens (-) to indicate pauses etc.
What is Anaphora ? - Rhetoric
The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses E.g ‘I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country.’
What is Antithesis ? - Rhetoric
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases. E.g ‘love is an ideal thing, Marriage a real thing.’
What is Elegant variation? - Rhetoric
Using synonyms to refer to the same thing E.g Cheryl cole’ The former Girls aloud singer’
What is Euphemism? - Rhetoric
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. E.g Let go instead of fired.
What is Hyperbole? - Rhetoric
An extravagant statement; The use of exaggerated terms for the purpose emphasis or heightened effect. E.g You’re so low down you need an umbrella to protect yourself from ant piss.
What is Irony? - Rhetoric
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning E.g yeah right
What is Litotes? - Rhetoric
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite E.g You’re not wrong.
What is a metaphor? - Rhetoric
An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. E.g The business world is a jungle
What is a Metonymy? - Rhetoric
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. E.g Crown for royalty
What is Onomatopoeia? - Rhetoric
The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to E.g Bang!
What is Oxymoron? - Rhetoric
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side E.g Alone together.
What is a Paradox? - Rhetoric
A statement that appears to contradict itself. E.g War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength.
What is personification? - Rhetoric
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. The wind stood up and gave a shout, he whistled on his fingers.
What is a pun? - Rhetoric
A play on words, something on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words. E.g Bin bagged (The sun’s headline of the death of bin laden)
What is a Rhetorical question? - Rhetoric
A question not expecting an answer E.g Who does Cheryl cole think she is?
What is a simile? - Rhetoric
A stated comparison (Usally formed with Like or as) Between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common. E.g As fat as a pig.
What is a Synecdoche? - Rhetoric
A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole. E.g ABCs for alphabet
What is a Tricolon ? - Rhetoric
A series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. E.g We came, we saw, we conquered
What is a Understatement? - Rhetoric
A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is; Contrasts with hyperbole E.g It’s a bit blowy to describe a hurricane.
What is Text-Image Cohesion? - Graphology and design
This is the coherent and meaningful relationship between visual and written codes.
What is High frequency Lexis? - Lexis and Semantics
This is known to about every user of English
What is Low Frequency Lexis? - Lexis and Semantics
This demands a higher level of education or knowledge.
What is Lexis? - Lexis and Semantics
Lexis refers to the words themselves
What is Semantics? - Lexis and Semantics
This is the meaning of language.
What is a denotation? - Lexis and Semantics
This is the literal meanings of words
What are connotations? - Lexis and Semantics
These are the associations linked with words
What are nouns? - word classes
a noun is a name for someone or something. it can be someone or something in particular, or someone or something in general. (dog, manchester, hairbrush)
it identifies
-a person (women, boy…)
-a thing (dog,building…)
-an idea,quality or state (truth,danger, birth…)
what is a pronoun?- word classes
a pronoun is a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase. (me, my, you, us, themselves, it, whitch)
what is a verb- word classes
a verb is the action word in a statement. some verbs link the subject to a noun, pronoun, or adjective
what is a auxiliary ? - word classes
a verb whose function is to assist the main verb in a clause to express basic grammatical contrasts such as person, number and tense. The primary auxiliaries are forms to be, have, do. The modal auxiliaries are such verbs as may might should.
what is a modifier?- word classes
a word or phrase which gives more information about the head element in a phrase (all the beautiful (pre-modification) creatures (head) in the ocean (post-modification)
what is an adjective?- word classes
an adjective is a modifier. usually it modifies or makes more exact the meaning of a noun or pronoun (blue small beautiful
what is an adverb? - word classes
an adverb is a modifier. usually it modifies a verb an adjective or another adverb (quickly, slowly, reluctantly)
what is an conjunction? - word classes
A conjunction is a connector. A coordinate conjunction connects words or groups of words that are grammatically the same. A subordinate conjunction connects a subordinate, or dependent, clause to a main clause (and,but,so)
what is a preposition?- word classes
a preposition is a connector that introduces a prepositional phrase. it usually connects a noun or noun phrase to the part of the sentence modified by the whole prepositional phrase, and it shows the relation between the two. (of, with, under)
what is a determiner?- word classes
a word which co-occurs with a noun to show meanings such as number, quantity or identity (the,some,each,twenty)
what is a common noun?- nouns
a common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general e,g (boy,country… )
what is a proper noun? - nouns
A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place or thing e.g Steven, Africa… these begin with capital nouns
what is a concrete noun - nouns
a concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard or tasted E.g dog, building, worcester
what is an abstract noun? - nouns
an abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualiies and conditions - things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality e.g truth danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour.
what is an attributive adjective? - adjectives
when an adjective is used before an noun it describes it is called an attributive e.g the ‘black’ cat.
what is an predictive adjective? - adjectives
when an adjective is used after a verb such as be, become,grow, look or seem. they’re called predictive
e.g the cat was ‘black’
what is a absolute adjective? - adjectives
absolute = sad
what is an comparative adjective? - adjectives
comparative = sadder used to compare two people or things
what is a superlative adjective? - adjectives
superlative = saddest used to compare one person or thing with every other member of their group
what is a referential adjective? - adjectives
this adjective gives factual information e.g the RED book
what is an evaluative adjective? - adjectives
this adjective offers an opinion e.g the exam was DIFFICULT
what is a noun phrase? - noun
a noun phrase consists of a noun, along with all the words which describe it. They can also countain Determiners, pre-modifiers(usually adjectives) nouns and post-modifiers
give a noun phrase example? - noun
e.g The sweet little cat in the corner
what is a pronoun? - pronoun
a pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or another pronoun for example instead of … Lucy went for a walk it would be SHE went for a walk.
what is a personal pronoun? - pronoun
personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things
e.g Karen ate pizza
SHE was hungry
what is a reflexive pronoun? - pronoun
these are personal pronouns that have ‘self’ or ‘selves’
e.g Bob finished the homework HImself
what is a indefinite pronoun? - pronoun
these are pronouns that do not refer to a specific person or thing
Someone, anybody and everyine are indefinite pronouns
what are demonstrative pronouns? - pronoun
demonstrative pronoun is used to single out one or more nouns referred to in the sentence
E.g This, that, these and those are demonstrative pronouns
THESE lemons are sour
what are interrogative pronouns? - pronoun
these are used to ask a question e.g who whom, and which are interrogative pronouns
