Tooic 5 Flashcards
Drugs are tested for
Toxicity- does it have any harmful side effects
Efficacy - does the drug work
Dose - what is the lowest that can be used and still have an effect
Developing new drugs
Pre clinical trials - using cells, test for efficacy and toxicity
Organism testing phase 1 - the drug is tested on animals to see the effect in a whole organism, efficacy, toxicity and dosage is tested
Then it is tested on healthy volunteers, generally at a very low does
Them is tested on patients with the condition
Then double blind trials - patients are split into two groups one is given the placebo and one is given the drug - neither the doctor of patient know which is which
Risks of developing non communicable disease
Lifestyle choices
Environmental exposure
Genetics age
Why does smoking cause lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases
Chemicals in cigarette smoke such as tar and nicotine damage the alveoli in the lungs and the endothelial lining of the arteries
Alcohol causing liver disease
The break down of alcohol by the cells in the liver produces substances which can be toxic to liver cells in high concentration
Bodies response to infection
Pathogens enter blood stream and divide
Release of toxins occur causing the patient to experience symptom
Phagocytes engulf pathogen when come into contact and digest it
Lymphocytes produce antibodies specialised to antigens
Antibodies attcahch to antigens causing aglumation ( clumping together)
This makes it easier for the phagocytes to engulf the pathogen as it can not move
Patient recovers
Specific antibodies remain in blood as well as memory cells
If pathogen comes into contact again with human quicker and larger response is issued
Patient is immune
Vaccinations
Harmless pathogen is injected
Lymphocytes release antibodies specific to antigens of pathogens
Memory cells and antibodies subsequently remain circulating in the system
Antibiotics
Impair the cell wall from rebuilding
Cell tries to grow or divide it ruptures and dies
