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anatomy > tongue, oesophagus, pharynx > Flashcards

tongue, oesophagus, pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

what are genial tubercles

A

bony growths that provide rigid attachment sites for muscles

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2
Q

What are the mylohyoid and geniohyoid

A

-muscles of floor of the mouth
-action that prevents us from chocking, by elevating the hyoid and pulls larynx out of way during chewing and swallowing

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3
Q

mylohoid origin

A

medial body of mandible

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4
Q

mylohoid insertion

A

hyoid bone

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5
Q

mylohoid innervation

A

CN3 - nerve to mylohoid

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6
Q

geniohyoid origin

A

anterior body of mandible

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7
Q

geniohyoid insertion

A

hyoid bone

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8
Q

geniohyoid innervation

A

nerve to geniohyoid- spinal nerve- C1-2

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9
Q

Extrinsic meaning

A

-muscles that start on outside of tongue and attach into the tongue

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10
Q

what are extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

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11
Q

genioglossus shape

A

fan (left bulk of tongue)

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12
Q

genioglossus origin

A

mental spine of mandible and hyoid bone

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13
Q

genioglossus insertion

A

dorsal of tongue

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14
Q

all extrinsic muscle innervation

A

cranial nerve 12 (hypoglossal)
except palatoglossus - cranial nerve 10/vagus nerve

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15
Q

hypoglossus shape

A

thin quadrilateral (right side)

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16
Q

hypoglossus origin

A

hyoid bone

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17
Q

hypoglossus insertion

A

inferior aspect of lateral tongue

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18
Q

styloglossus shape

A

short triangle-hang above

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19
Q

styloglossus origin

A

styloid process

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20
Q

styloglossus insertion

A

side of posterior tongue, merges with hypoglossus

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21
Q

palatoglossus shape

A

narrow crescent - highest

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22
Q

palatoglossus origin

A

palatine aponeurosis of soft palate

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23
Q

palatoglossus insertion

A

posterolateral tongue, merges with intrinsic muscles

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24
Q

what are intrinsic muscles of tongue

A

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

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25
Q

Lingual septum=

A

band of connective tissue, along middle of tongue

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26
Q

superior longitudinal origin

A

median fibrous septum

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27
Q

superior longitudinal insertion

A

margins of tongue

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28
Q

innervation of all intrinsic muscles

A

CN XII

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29
Q

inferior longitudinal origin

A

root of tongue and hyoid bone

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30
Q

inferior longitudinal insertion

A

apex of tongue

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31
Q

transverse origin

A

median fibrous septum

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32
Q

transverse insertion

A

lateral tongue

33
Q

vertical origin

A

dorsum of tongue

34
Q

vertical insertion

A

inferior border of tongue

35
Q

Transverse fibres run..

A

Horizontally

36
Q

Vertical fibres run..

A

Vertically

37
Q

genioglossus role

A

depression, protrusion (sticking out) and refraction, sideways movement

38
Q

hypoglossus role

A

depression, retraction

39
Q

styloglossus role

A

retraction, curls sides

40
Q

palatoglossus role

A

elevates posterior tongue, depresses soft palate

41
Q

superior longitudinal role

A

elevates apex and sides, retraction, curls tongue upwards

42
Q

inferior longitudinal muscle role

A

depresses apex, curls tongue downwards, refraction

43
Q

transverse role

A

narrows, protrudes

44
Q

vertical role

A

flattens, broadens

45
Q

Where does hypoglossal nerve come from?

A

Comes directly from brain rather than spinal nerves

46
Q

What does hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

-all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles expect palatoglossus (CNX)

47
Q

Diff between sensory innervation of tongue

A

-in anterior, taste is from facial part and general sensations is from lingual part (branch of V3=trigeminal nerve)
-in posterior, taste and sensation both from glossopharyngeal nerve

48
Q

What is pharynx

A

Connects oral, nasal cavity and oesophagus

49
Q

Nasopharynx=

A

just portion behind nasal cavity

50
Q

Oropharynx=

A

portion of pharynx behind oral cavity

51
Q

Laryngopharynx=

A

behind the larynx

52
Q

What muscles are found in the pharynx?

A

-3 outer circular muscles (constrictors), help compress and squeeze things down
-3 inner longitudinal muscles on each side

53
Q

How are the pharyngeal muscles innervated

A

-all but one muscle supplied by branches of vagus nerve (cranial nerve X-parasympathetic)

54
Q

what are 3 outer circular muscles called

A

-superior pharyngeal constrictor
-middle pharyngeal constrictor
-inferior pharyngeal constrictor

55
Q

superior pharyngeal constrictor insertion

A

occipital bone

56
Q

superior pharyngeal constrictor origin

A

pterygomandibular raphe

57
Q

middle pharyngeal constrictor origin

A

stylohyoid ligament, hyoid

58
Q

middle pharyngeal constrictor insertion

A

pharyngeal raphe

59
Q

inferior pharyngeal constrictor origin

A

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

60
Q

inferior pharyngeal constrictor insertion

A

pharyngeal raphe superiorly

61
Q

what are the 3 inner longitudinal muscles

A

palatopharyngeus, salphingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus

62
Q

palatopharyngeus origin

A

hard palate

63
Q

palatopharyngeus insertion

A

thyroid cartilage, side of pharynx, oesophagus

64
Q

salphingopharyngeus origin

A

pharyngotympanic tube

65
Q

salphingopharyngeus insertion

A

merges with palatopharyngeus

66
Q

stylopharyngeus origin

A

styloid process

67
Q

stylopharyngeus insertion

A

thryroid cartilage

68
Q

palatopharyngeus, salphingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus innervation

A

all innervated by CNX except stylopharyngeus by CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

69
Q

what is oesophagus

A

Travels from pharynx to stomach

70
Q

Muscles in oesophagus

A

Constrictors (circular) of oesophagus on inside (vs outside for pharynx), longitudinal muscles on outside

71
Q

What is Zenker’s diverticulum

A

-Anatomical weak area, bulge out and from space behind pharynx (small triangle section 1/3 down)
-Here, can collect food and bacteria

72
Q

Oesophagus parts

A

-cervical part, thoracic part, abdominal part

73
Q

oesophagus route

A

-Oesophagus travelling down pharynx, travelling down posterior mediastinum, behind the trachea, then centralised, then get a turning as pierces the diaphragm where enters the stomach

74
Q

What is the stomach

A

-upper abdominal cavity passing from left to right
-Food passes from oesophagus into stomach into duodenum (first part of intestine)
-liver is above the stomach

75
Q

drainage of stomach

A

-drains into small intestine in upper right of abdominal cavity, inferior to liver

76
Q

Venous drainage of the stomach and intestine

A

-large blood supply to GI tract
-most blood draining from stomach and intestine passes to heart via the liver.
Venous blood needs to go back to liver so liver can process all the good products and filter bad
-on diag, hepatic portal vein is draining the stomach livers etc (look on diag small branches)
-some blood from inferior part of oesophagus drains via liver, some goes directly to heart

77
Q

Liver damage

A

-e.g. due to scarring caused by alcoholism-can increase blood pressure trying to pass through
-causes blood to find alternative routes e.g. via oesophageal veins that bypass liver

78
Q

What is oesophageal varices

A

-Varices are expanded blood vessels in the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth and stomach.
-increased blood flow causes these to become dilated
-varices can rupture, causing haemorrhage into oesophagus=haematemesis

anatomy (1 decks)

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