Tolerance + Dependence

Question 1

-diminished response to a drug as a result of previous
exposure to it (in the interests of maintaining homeostasis)
-reversible following cessation of use
-development depends on usage patterns
-can develop quickly, require many administrations, not occur at all

Answer 1

Tolerance

Question 2

a need for increased dose of drug to achieve the desired effect

Answer 2

consequence of tolerance

Question 3

when tolerance develops quickly

Answer 3

lost quickly

Question 4

tolerance resulting from physiologic
adaptations

Answer 4

functional tolerance

Question 5

increases in metabolizing enzymes (e.g., in liver)

Answer 5

metabolic tolerance

Question 6

neurophysiologic changes to counteract drug effects
* e.g., alterations in post-synaptic receptor populations
* e.g., alterations in neurotransmitter levels

Answer 6

Pharmacodynamic (AKA cellular-adaptive) Tolerance

Question 7

emerges following the homeostatic disruption brought on by the drug, thus creating a “new normal” that assumes continued presence of the drug

Answer 7

tolerance

Question 8

Absent the drug, there is again a homeostatic disruption (essentially opposite to that caused by the drug)

Answer 8

withdrawal

Question 9

tolerance resulting from learning/conditioning

Answer 9

behavioral tolerance

Question 10

behavior is shaped by its outcomes

Answer 10

Operant conditioning

Question 11

reinforcement, either positive (behavior brings pleasure/reward) or negative (behavior eliminates an aversive state) = behavior more likely to be re-performed

Answer 11

good outcome to behavioral tolerance

Question 12

punishment, either positive (behavior brings on an aversive/painful state) or negative (behavior eliminates a pleasurable state or stimulus, as in response cost) = behavior less likely to be re-performed

Answer 12

bad outcome to behavioral tolerance

Question 13

can develop when drug effect is to impair task performance and make good outcome less likely (e.g., DUI)
* Person relearns the behavior such that rewarding outcomes occur
* Person has become tolerant of the debilitating effect of the drug on task performance

Answer 13

operant tolerance

Question 14

implies that the person has become reliant on the presence of the drug in the body, physically and/or psychologically

Answer 14

dependence

Question 15

Withdrawal syndromes tend to stem from

Answer 15

functional tolerance (+cond)

Question 16

Drugs with brief, intense effects tend to feature

Answer 16

brief, intense withdrawal

Question 17

Drugs with longer, less intense effects tend to feature

Answer 17

longer, less intense withdrawal

Question 18

The A-B-C of behavior

Answer 18

Antecedents → Behavior → Consequences

Question 19

Abusable drugs seem to directly or indirectly increase activity here

Answer 19

mesolimbic DA pathway

Question 20

region associated with emotions and motivations

Answer 20

amygdala

Question 21

regions associated with learning and memory

Answer 21

hippocampus

Question 22

regions associated with behavioral choice and control

Answer 22

frontal lobe