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Toka questions Flashcards

1
Q

Retroviruses have a diploid genome. This means:

A. they have two segments of single stranded, positive sense RNA

B. they have a double stranded RNA

C.they have two nucleocapsids

D. they have a diploid envelope

A

Retroviruses have a diploid genome. This means:

they have two segments of single stranded, positive sense RNA

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2
Q

The reverse transcriptase is required for:

A. retroviral entry into cells
B. copying cDNA from viral RNA during retroviral replication
C. retroviral exocytosis
D.retroviral integration into host genome

A

The reverse transcriptase is required for:

copying cDNA from viral RNA during retroviral replication

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3
Q

Where does the reverse transcriptase (RT) required for copying cDNA from viral RNA come from?

A. Since viruses use cellular mechanisms for replication, the source of RT is the host cell
B. The RT is virion-associated
C. It is de novo synthesized in the infected cell mitochondria
D. RT is found on the surface of the infected cell

A

Where does the reverse transcriptase (RT) required for copying cDNA from viral RNA come from?

The RT is virion-associated

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4
Q

Where in the infected cells does reverse transcription of the retroviral RNA take place?

A. Mitochondria
B. Endothelial reticulum
C. Nucleus
D. Cytoplasm

A

Where in the infected cells does reverse transcription of the retroviral RNA take place?

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is a provirus?

A. The genetic material of a virus as incorporated into, and able to replicate with, the genome of a host cell.
B. Any type of DNA incorporated into a cell
C. RNA derived from a bacterial virus
D. Another name for prions

A

What is a provirus?

The genetic material of a virus as incorporated into, and able to replicate with, the genome of a host cell.

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6
Q

Where in the host genome does the retroviral dsDNA integrate?

A. There is no site specificity for viral dsDNA integration
B.Only at sites where proto-oncogenes are located
C. At sites where introns are situated
D.Integration takes place only between exons

A

Where in the host genome does the retroviral dsDNA integrate?

There is no site specificity for viral dsDNA integration

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7
Q

Lentiviruses are referred to as “slow viruses”. Why?

A. Because of their short incubation period
B. Because of their prolonged incubation period
C. Because the lentils in their envelope are slowly assembled
D. None of the above

A

Lentiviruses are referred to as “slow viruses”. Why?

Because of their prolonged incubation period

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8
Q

What does the pol gene of retroviruses encode?

A. Protease
B. Reverse transcriptase and integrase
C. surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM)
D. Capsid (CA), Nucleocapsid (NC), Matrix (MA)

A

What does the pol gene of retroviruses encode?

Reverse transcriptase and integrase

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9
Q

FIV can infect

A. microglial cells
B. M (membranous) cells
C. CD4+ T lymphocytes
D. all of these

A

FIV can infect

CD4+ T lymphocytes

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10
Q

The most important transmission route of FIV in domestic cats is:

A. bite wounds
B. sexual contact
C. grooming, exclusively
D. fomites

A

The most important transmission route of FIV in domestic cats is:

bite wounds

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11
Q

At later stages of FIV infection, CD4+/CD25+ T cells become activated leading to increased production of:

A. IL-2 and proliferation of T cells
B. IL-10 and increased immunosuppression
C. IL-12 and recovery from infection
D. IL-17 and increased bacterial clearance

A

At later stages of FIV infection, CD4+/CD25+ T cells become activated leading to increased production of:

IL-10 and increased immunosuppression

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12
Q

During infection of cats with FeLV, the regressor cats:

A. become aggressive after infection
B. mount an immune response capable of eliminating the virus
C. mount an immune response incapable of eliminating the virus
D. succumb to disease within the first week of infection

A

During infection of cats with FeLV, the regressor cats:

mount an immune response capable of eliminating the virus

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13
Q

FeLV has tropism to cells of the immune system such as T cells.

TRUE
FALSE

A

FeLV has tropism to cells of the immune system such as T cells.

TRUE

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14
Q

Infection of cats either with FeLV or FIV leads to:

A. infertility
B. encephalitis
C. immunosuppression
D. uveitis

A

Infection of cats either with FeLV or FIV leads to:

immunosuppression

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15
Q

During which virus infection can lymphoma and leukaemia develop?

A. FeLV
B. Influenza A
C. NDV
D. Swine poxvirus

A

During which virus infection can lymphoma and leukaemia develop?

FeLV

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16
Q

How many genera are found in the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses?

A. 7
B. 6
C. 5
D. 4

A

How many genera are found in the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses?

5

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17
Q

What are the names of the 2 important envelope membrane antigens on orthomyxovirus?

A. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
B. NP and P proteins
C. NEP and NS2
D. Matrix and NP proteins

A

What are the names of the 2 important envelope membrane antigens on orthomyxovirus?

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

18
Q

What are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase?

A. Secretory proteins produced by the orthomyxovirus
B.Lipoprotein ligands on orthomyxovirus target cells
C. Glycoproteins on orthomyxovirus that contribute to virus attachment
D. Proteins found in the nucleus of influenza virus

A

What are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase?

Glycoproteins on orthomyxovirus that contribute to virus attachment

19
Q

Which of the following sentences best describes the type and configuration of the nucleic acid in orthomyxovirus

A. 6-8 segments of linear, negative sense, single stranded RNA
B. 6-8 segments of circular, positive sense, dsRNA
C. 6-8 segments of circular, negative sense, dsDNA
D. 6-8 segments of linear, positive sense, single stranded RNA

A

Which of the following sentences best describes the type and configuration of the nucleic acid in orthomyxovirus

6-8 segments of linear, negative sense, single stranded RNA

20
Q

Antigenic shifts and antigenic drifts are characteristic of

A. Nipah virus
B. Chikungunya
C. Retrovirus
D. Influenza A virus

A

Antigenic shifts and antigenic drifts are characteristic of

Influenza A virus

21
Q

Retrovirus, orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus have a lipid envelope and so are sensitive to:

A. lipid solvents
B. heat (e.g., 56°C/30 min.)
C. acidic pH
D. all of the above

A

Retrovirus, orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus have a lipid envelope and so are sensitive to:

A. lipid solvents
B. heat (e.g., 56°C/30 min.)
C. acidic pH

all of the above

22
Q

Uncoating of the orthomyxovirus envelope takes place in the:

A. nucleus
B. cytoplasm
C. both in nucleus and cytoplasm
D. none of the above

A

Uncoating of the orthomyxovirus envelope takes place in the:

cytoplasm

23
Q

Which of the following names of an influenza virus is correct according to the naming scheme of influenza viruses

A. A/Iowa/swine/15/30 (H1N1)
B. A/swine/Iowa/15/1930 (H1N1)
C. Swine/A/Iowa/15/’30 (H1N1)
D. A/swine/Iowa/15/30

A

Which of the following names of an influenza virus is correct according to the naming scheme of influenza viruses

A/swine/Iowa/15/1930 (H1N1)

24
Q

Which of the following statements best describe transmission of Influenza viruses

A. In aquatic birds fecal-oral transmission is common
B. In poultry – ingestion and inhalation
C. In mammals – aerosol, droplets and fomites
D. A, B and C

A

Which of the following statements best describe transmission of Influenza viruses

A. In aquatic birds fecal-oral transmission is common
B. In poultry – ingestion and inhalation
C. In mammals – aerosol, droplets and fomites
D. A, B and C

D

25
Q

What type of horses are at risk of contracting equine influenza

A. Race horses
B. Breeding stock horses
C. Show horses
D. All of the above

A

What type of horses are at risk of contracting equine influenza

A. Race horses
B. Breeding stock horses
C. Show horses
D. All of the above

26
Q

Equine influenza is primary a disease of the:

A. Respiratory tract
B. Reproductive tract
C. Digestive tract
D. Immune system

A

Equine influenza is primary a disease of the:

Respiratory tract

27
Q

Prolonged high fever in pregnant mares infected with equine influenza virus can lead to:

A. severe dehydration
B. abortion
C. emaciation
D. no consequence

A

Prolonged high fever in pregnant mares infected with equine influenza virus can lead to:

abortion

28
Q

Pigs possess both human (SAα2,6Gal) and avian (SAα2,3Gal) receptors and that is why they can be infected with human and avian influenza viruses.

TRUE
FALSE

A

Pigs possess both human (SAα2,6Gal) and avian (SAα2,3Gal) receptors and that is why they can be infected with human and avian influenza viruses.

TRUE

29
Q

What is the simplest way to detect orthomyxovirus in allantoic fluids and what feature of virus is utilized in the method?

A. Hemagglutination test, because virus expresses hemagglutinin on virion surface
B. PCR, because viral RNA is easily isolated
C. Immunoblotting, because antibodies to virus are easy to purchase
D. ELISA, because virus antigens are easily detected in this method

A

What is the simplest way to detect orthomyxovirus in allantoic fluids and what feature of virus is utilized in the method?

Hemagglutination test, because virus expresses hemagglutinin on virion surface

30
Q

What feasible therapeutic options are available for treatment of swine influenza in swine?

A. Antibiotics
B. Antivirals
C. None exist
D. Steroid therapy

A

What feasible therapeutic options are available for treatment of swine influenza in swine?

None exist

31
Q

Viruses of which family have a herringbone shaped nucleocapsid?

A. Picornaviridae
B.Paramyxoviridae
C. Orthopoxviridae
D. Orthomyxoviridae

A

Viruses of which family have a herringbone shaped nucleocapsid?

Paramyxoviridae

32
Q

Paramyxoviruses can replicate in enucleated cells or cells treated with actinomycin D

FALSE
TRUE

A

Paramyxoviruses can replicate in enucleated cells or cells treated with actinomycin D

TRUE

33
Q

Which of the following replication strategies fit the paramyxovirus

A. Cytoplasmic uncoating, cytoplasmic synthesis of both mRNA and +RNA, cytoplasmic translation of structural proteins from mRNA, cytoplasmic synthesis vRNA(-) from +RNA, virion assembly and budding
B. Nuclear uncoating, cytoplasmic synthesis of mRNA and RNA(+), translation of non-structural proteins, assembly of virions
C. Cytoplasmic uncoating and reverse transcription, nuclear dsDNA integration in host genome and transcription, cytoplasmic protein translation, virion assembly and budding
D. Cytoplasmic uncoating, nuclear synthesis of mRNA, and cRNA(+) and vRNA(-), cytoplasmic translation of proteins, virion assembly and budding

A

Which of the following replication strategies fit the paramyxovirus?

Cytoplasmic uncoating, cytoplasmic synthesis of both mRNA and +RNA, cytoplasmic translation of structural proteins from mRNA, cytoplasmic synthesis vRNA(-) from +RNA, virion assembly and budding

34
Q

Replication of paramyxovirus occurs primarily in this location:

A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Endothelial reticulum
D.Mitochondria

A

Replication of paramyxovirus occurs primarily in this location:

Cytoplasm

35
Q

How many types glycoprotein spikes are there on the envelope of Paramyxoviridae?

2
3
4
1

A

How many types glycoprotein spikes are there on the envelope of Paramyxoviridae?

2

36
Q

To which family of viruses does the Nipah virus belong?

A. Paramyxoviridae
B. Orthomyxoviridae
C. Henipaviridae
D. Rhabdoviridae

A

To which family of viruses does the Nipah virus belong?

Paramyxoviridae

37
Q

According to the FAO and OIE, Rinderpest has been eradicated

TRUE
FALSE

A

According to the FAO and OIE, Rinderpest has been eradicated

TRUE

38
Q

Giant, multinucleated cells that develop during paramyxovirus replication are also known as a what?

Syncopates
Syncytia
Synclines
Synchrotrons

A

Giant, multinucleated cells that develop during paramyxovirus replication are also known as a what?

Syncytia

39
Q

AVPM-1 is a member of what sub-family of viruses?

Filovirinae
Retrovirinae
Orthomyxovirinae
Paramyxovirinae

A

AVPM-1 is a member of what sub-family of viruses?

Paramyxovirinae

40
Q

Of the 5 pathotypes of APMV (NDV), which is the most virulent

Lentogenic
Velogenic
Mesogenic
Asymptomatic

A

Of the 5 pathotypes of APMV (NDV), which is the most virulent

Velogenic

41
Q

Nipah virus naturally infects fruit bats, humans and swine are NOT susceptible.

FALSE
TRUE

A

Nipah virus naturally infects fruit bats, humans and swine are NOT susceptible.

FALSE

Viro (14 decks)

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