Toddlers/Preschoolers/School Aged Children Flashcards
What is innate ability to regulate energy intake?
- hypothalamus is the control centre of hunger and satiety
- signals from the nervous system, hormones and blood nutrient levels
hunger: low glu, ghrelin other hormones
satiety: leptin, stretching of the GIT, other hormones
Internal and external cues study
- gave either high cal or low cal yogurt snack preload
- influence of internal cues (no talk about food) vs. external cues (talked about food, how good it looked etc)
- were then allowed to pick a snack
- found that with the influence of internal cues, subjects compensated perfectly, if they had the low cal pre load they ate less
- however with the external group, did not compensate, both groups still ate more
- demonstrates that external cues can interfere with the child’s internal cues to start/stop eating
Growth of school aged children
- grow in spurts (up and out)
- growth rate lower than earlier stages
feeding and food skills of school aged children
- can use utensils
- can and should be involved in food prep and chores
- ready to learn about simple nutrition related to the food they are eating (i.e. these healthy foods make you strong, not related to weight or disease)
cognitive and social development of school aged children
- decreased egocentrism, can relate to others more
- more rational thinking, but black and white and concrete
- development of sense of self
- increasing importance of peer relationships
- greater independence
eating behaviours are influenced by ____ in school aged children?
- environment i.e. school, extracurricular activities, foods and beverages available
- marketing - i.e. using athletes and celebrities for advertising of coke/pepsi
physical activity recommendations for school aged children
- 60 mins moderate to vigorous activity per day
- vigorous activity at least 3x per week
- muscle and bone strengthening at least 3x per week
- screen time no more than 2 hours per day
Micronutrients of concern in school aged children
- iron
- calcium, vitamin D
- vitamin A
- mg and zinc
- sodium too high, potassium too low - reflects north american diet of too many processed foods
Energy requirements for infants
birth - 6 months: 108 kcal/kg
7-12 months: 98 kcal/kg
energy requirement goes down because although the growth rate is still high and they are more active, growth levels out
cho requirements for infants
transition from breastmilk and formula (simple cho) to more complex carbs as they start weening
protein requirements for infants
AI 0-6 mo: 2.2 g/kd/d
RDA 6-12 mo: 1.6 g/kg/d
premature infants: up to 4g/kg/d
fat requirements for infants
approx 50% of kcal per day from fat
need essential fatty acids and cholesterol
need LCPUFA for cell membrane development, CNS, eyes
accumulates in the 3rd trimester-18 months
Transitioning to solid foods
6 months: single grain iron fortified cereals eg. oatmeal
- need to be able to sit up straight, loss of extrusion reflex (tongue out)
- minimize allergy risk by only single grain, low solute load, wait a few days between exposure, be careful with protein foods
6-10 months: mashed meat, fruits, veg, grains
transition to harder textures eg. cherios
> 1 year - more solid foods
Why do we introduce solid foods at 6 months?
if 6 months: risk of developmental feeding problems, critical period to introduce new foods/flavors/textures, risk of nutritional deficiencies (iron)
What nutrient needs to be in the very first food introduced?
iron, because stores start to decrease after 6 months and fe needed for growth
