Toddlerhood Flashcards
Describe the typical changes in physical growth that takes place in toddlerhood and explain the harmful effects of nutritional deficiencies on growth
Toddlers physical growth continues at a pace that is slightly reduced from infancy but is nevertheless faster than at any later time of life. Toddlers in developing countries often suffer protein and micronutrient deficiencies that impeded their physical and cognitive development
Describe changes in brain development that take place during toddlerhood and identify the two most common methods of measuring brain activity
the brains synaptic density peaks at the end of toddlerhood, followed by many years of synaptic pruning. The two most common methods of measuring brain activity are EEG and fMRI
describe the changes in sleeping patterns and sleeping arrangments that take place during toddlerhood
toddlers episode of night waking increase from 18 to 24 months of age, partly due to teething of molars. in traditional cultures, toddlers sleep with their mothers until the next child is born, after which they sleep with other family mebers
describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhoood
in their gross motor development, toddlers learn to walk, run, climb and kick a ball. toddlers in traditional cultures are often restricted in their movements to protect them from danger, especially cooking fires. Advances in fine motor development include holding a cup and building a tower of blocks. In their third year, toddlers may be able to brush their teeth with some assistance
compare and contrast the process and timing of toilet training in developed countriws and traditional cultures
children vary widely in the timing of learning toilet training but most are toilet trained by the end of tolddlerhood. in traditional cultures, toddlers usually learn controlled elimination through observing and imitating older children
distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in childhood
when weaning takes place in the second or third year of life, toddlers often resist. Customs in traditional cultures for promoting weaning include sending the toddler to a relatives household for a while or coating the mothers breast with an unpleasant substance
outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piagets theory
according to piaget, the ability for mental representations develops in the second half of the second year and is the basis for important aspects of later cognitive functioning, including problem solving and language. object permanence also reaches near completion during this period. deferred imitation and categorization also require mental representation
explain vygotskys socialcultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with piagets theory
unlike piaget and most other cognitive theorists and researchers V emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development in childhood he proposed concepts such as scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to describe how children obtain cultural knowledge from adults
summarize the evidence for biological and evolutionary basis of language
in humans the larynx is lower in the tho=roat than it is in other primates, makiing spoken language possible. humans also have areas in the brain specically devoted to language functions. anatomically the capacity for language appears to have first developed in early hominids 2 million years ago
describe the milestone in language development that take place during toddler years
at 18 months, most toddlers speak about 50 words usually in holophrases. by 24 months most speak about 200 words and combine some words in telegraphic speech. by their third burthdays most can easily use the language of their culture in full sentences
identify how parents stimulation of toddlers langyage varies across culture and evaluate how these variations relate to language development.
cultures vary widely in how much they encourage toddlers language development, from stimulating language use through direct interactions, to allowing toddlers to be present among conversing adults but otherwise not speaking to them much , to actually discouraging them from talking. regardless of cultural practices, toddlers generally learn to use their language well by the time they reach age 3
describe how emotional development advances during toddlerhood and identify the impact of culture on these changes
sociomoral emotions developing in toddlerhood include guilt, shame, embarassment, envy and pride. They are called sociomoral emotions because they indicate that toddlers have begun to learn the moral standards of their culture. toddlers in western cultures have occasional tantrums, perhaps becaus they have a more developed sense of intentionality than infants do and so are more likely to protest when thwarted. However, tantrums are rare outside the west where cultures place less emphasis on self-expression
Describe the changes in self development that take place during toddlerhood
the birth of the self in toddlerhood is indicated in the development of self recognition and self reflection. toddlers begin to use personal pronouns such as I and me and refer to themselves by name
distinguish between sex and gender and summarize the evidence for biological basis of gender devleopment
sex is the biological status of being male of female whereas gender refers to the cultural categories of male and female. gender identity first develops during toddlerhood as children begin to identify themselves and others as male or female, the biological basis of gender is indicated in evolutionary theory, ethological studies and hormonal studies. However, changes in male and female roles in recent times have shown that these roles can change dramatically over a relatively short time and therefore biological assumptioms about gender should be viewed with skepticism
identify the key factors influencing the quality of toddlers attachment to their mothers and explain what effect attachmant quality has on development
the quality of attachment is based mainly on how sensitive and responsive a mother is toward her child. research indicates that some relation between attachment quality in toddlerhood and later development, but also shows that the internal working model s=established in toddlerhood can be modified by later experiences. attachment quality is also influenced by infant temperament, and by reciprocal or bidirectional influences between parent and child
