TOB L1

Question 1

Nucleosome comprises of

Answer 1

Histone protein and Chromosomes

Question 2

What is in the nucleus

Answer 2

DNA, RNA and nucleoproteins

Question 3

Types of nucleoproteins? Are they both positively charged?

Answer 3

Histone proteins and non histone proteins but only histone proteins are positive.

Question 4

What are non histone proteins?

Answer 4

enzymes for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and other regulatory proteins.

Question 5

types of Nuclear RNA

Answer 5

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

Question 6

what controls DNA transcription?

Answer 6

miRNA, smRNA, siRNA

Question 7

electron dense area of the nuclei

Answer 7

heterochromatin

Question 8

electron Lucent area of nuclei

Answer 8

Euchromatin

Question 9

what small discrete mass is present in the inactivated X chromosome of females?

Answer 9

Barr body

Question 10

what nuclear material is active in RNA synthesis?

Answer 10

Euchromatin

Question 11

what do nucleosomes do?

Answer 11

control the uncoiling and expressions of the genes encoded by the DNA strand.

Question 12

Acidic dye used for staining

Answer 12

Eosin

Question 13

Is Haematoxylin acidic or basic

Answer 13

basic dye

Question 14

What is present in muscular mucosal? where is it present?

Answer 14

Smooth muscle cells. GI tract

Question 15

What is lamina propria?

Answer 15

layer of connective tissue that sits beneath the epithelium of mucous membranes

Question 16

what has bilobed nuclear form

Answer 16

eosinophils (WBC)

Question 17

What is present on the outer lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 17

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic face

Question 18

What is present on the intermembranous space of nuclear membrane?

Answer 18

lumen of the ER

Question 19

what is present in the inner nuclear membrane?

Answer 19

nuclear lamina with intermediate filaments called lamins

Question 20

what do the lamins in the nuclear membrane do?

Answer 20

link proteins and heterochromatin

Question 21

what is in a nuclear pore

Answer 21

nuclear pore complex with 30 nucleoporins.

Question 22

what do nuclear pores do

Answer 22

permit the exchange of metabolites, macromolecules and ribosomal subunits between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 23

role of nucleolus

Answer 23

synthesis of rRNA and tRNA. Controls cell cycle and stress responses.

Question 24

what is the region where ribosomal genes are found and how many chromosomes?

Answer 24

nucleolar organiser regions and 5.

Question 25

transcription

Answer 25

copy of DNA to form a complementary pre messenger RNA

Question 26

post transcription processing

Answer 26

excision of introns I (non coding regions) by (spliceosome)

Question 27

snRNA + proteins

Answer 27

spliceosomes

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

mRNA + ribosomes to determine the specific amino acid sequence;.

Question 29

ribozymes

Answer 29

RNA molecules which catalyze peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 30

difference between RER proteins and free ribosomal proteins

Answer 30

RER- exporting and integral membrane protein. (held by hydrophobic attraction) proteins form tertiary structure, intrachain disulphide bonds are formed and glycosylation takes place. Free ribosomal proteins- proteins destined for the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. post translational modifications take place here.

Question 31

what happens to damaged proteins

Answer 31

binds to ubiquitin and is taken by a proteasome(proteolytic enzymes).

Question 32

what is synthesized in the SER

Answer 32

phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 33

what is synthesized in the cytosol

Answer 33

fatty acids and triglycerides

Question 34

what does cytochrome P450 do and where is it?

Answer 34

Detoxification of by-products, drugs and alcohol. metabolism of glycogen.

Question 35

which cells have prominent SER

Answer 35

liver, adrenal glands and gonads ( for lipid synthesis)

Question 36

passive diffusion

Answer 36

needs gradient and depends on the size and polarity.

Question 37

facilitated diffusion

Answer 37

through protein carrier molecules- pores or particular ion. Eg: aquaporins

Question 38

active transport

Answer 38

pumps. independent of electrochemical gradients. (Eg: Na-K ATPase pump).

Question 39

Bulk transport

Answer 39

through vesicles

Question 40

Different types of transportation across cell membranes

Answer 40

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, bulk transport and transmembrane signalling.

Question 41

example of transmembrane signalling

Answer 41

neurotransmitters at nerve synapses bind to ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 42

antibody given for over-expression of Her2 (human epidermal growth factor type 2) in breast tissue

Answer 42

trastuzumab

Question 43

how are RER proteins transported to the golgi

Answer 43

coated vesicles (coat protein complex II)

Question 44

what happens to the proteins in the Golgi

Answer 44

addition of sugar residues.

Question 45

how are proteins transported out of the Golgi

Answer 45

secretory vesicles and they fuse with SNAREs to get to their target membrane.

Question 46

why is the Golgi unstained

Answer 46

lipids get dissolved during preparation.

Question 47

acinus

Answer 47

a cluster of cells producing digestive enzymes

Question 48

What role do porosomes play in the regulated secretion of digestive enzymes in the pancreas?

Answer 48

Porosomes form a transient opening in the plasma membrane through which secretory granules discharge their contents during regulated exocytosis.

Question 49

How do secretory vesicles in pancreatic cells transport digestive enzymes to the plasma membrane for secretion?

Answer 49

Secretory vesicles are moved along microtubules toward the plasma membrane, where they dock and fuse with the membrane to release their contents.