ToB: Blood cells

Question 1

What does Erythropoietin detect and stimulate

Answer 1

Detects low pO2 in the interstitial peritubular cells of the kidney, and stimulates maturation and release of RBCs in the bone marrow

Question 2

What does thrombopoietin do, and where is it released from?

How does it regulate?

Answer 2

Released from the liver and kidney, stimulates megakaryocytes to enlargen and platelets bud off

Increased platelet number decreases TPO, if platelet level gets too high TPO binds to platelets and destroys them

Question 3

Explain the mutation in sickle cell and the consequence

Answer 3

Glutamate –> valine, polymerization of Hb in low O2 conditions creates a sickle cell

Question 4

Name the disease associated with an inherited mutation in alpha and beta chains of Hb

Answer 4

Thalassemia

Question 5

Which lymphoid organ surveys blood? Name 3 of its functions

Answer 5

Spleen:

1. site of antibody production
2. site of lymphocyte activation
3. reservoir of platelets `

Question 6

What does the reticuloendothelial system do, which cells are involved, and how?

Answer 6

Removes damaged RBCs: macrophages and monocytes in lymph nodes, spleen and kupffer cells in the liver

1. Hb separates into haem and globin
2. haem moved to bone marrow, leaving behind biliverdin
3. biliverdin reduced to bilirubin:
4. bilirubin goes to liver as a substrate for bile production
5. bile emulsifies fats: some excreted via urine (urobilin) and bowels (stercobilin)

Question 7

Name the 2 myeloid cells with bi/multi-lobed nucleus and specify which

Answer 7

1. Neutrophil: Multi-segmented nucleus, the main component of pus
2. Eosinophil: red granules in cytoplasm, usually bi-lobed

Question 8

Name the 2 myeloid cells with a kidney-shaped nucleus

Answer 8

Basophil (blue granules in cytoplasm) and monocyte

Question 9

Name the 3 functions of eosinophils and where they’re found

Answer 9

Abundant in CT of intestinal linings and lungs of asthma patients

1. combats helminth infections
2. mediates hypersensitivity rxns
3. phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes

Question 10

Name the 2 types of lymphoid cells

Answer 10

1. Adaptive: T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte

2. Innate: Natural Killer cells

Question 11

Where are B and T-lymphocytes produced and mature?

Answer 11

B lymphocytes: produced and mature in the bone marrow

T lymphocytes: produced in the Bone marrow and mature in the thymus

Question 12

What’s the lifespan of neutrophils? Name 3 things in their granules and something they stimulate

Answer 12

1-4 days
oxidative agents, proteases, antibacterial peptides
They release cytokines which stimulate natural killer cells

Question 13

How to natural killer cells induce lysis?

Which process is this similar to in the adaptive response?

Answer 13

Release perforin which punches holes in the cell membrane, granzyme is injected and induces apoptosis