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ESA 1 Steven > ToB > Flashcards

ToB Flashcards

0
Q

Define histology

A

The study of tissue using special stains and electron/light microscopy

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1
Q

Define tissue

A

A collection of cells specialised to perform a function

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2
Q

Why is histology important clinically?

A

Histology and biopsy are often needed for definitive proof of a diagnosis such as Crohn’s or cancer

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3
Q

Define biopsy

A

The removal of a piece of tissue for study under a microscope

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4
Q

What is a smear biopsy and what is it used for?

A

Collect cells by exfoliation and smear on slide. Used for cervix or buccal cavity

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5
Q

What is curettage and what is it used for?

A

Scrape cells. Endometrial lining of the uterus

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6
Q

What is a needle biopsy and what is it used for?

A

Inserting a needle into the tissue to remove the cells. Brain, breast, kidney, liver and muscle.

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7
Q

What is direct incision and what is it used for?

A

Cut directly in and remove tissue. Skin, larynx, mouth

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8
Q

What is endoscopic biopsy and what is it used for?

A

Removal of tissues using an endoscope. Lung, intestine, bladder

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9
Q

Name 2 commonly used fixatives

A

Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

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10
Q

How can shrinkage artefacts be formed?

A

During tissue preparation it is dehydrated and rehydrated which can lead to abnormalities

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11
Q

What is stained by Haematoxylin and eosin?

A

H stains acidic parts blue (nucleus)

Eosin stains basic parts pink (cytoplasmic proteins and extra cellular fibres)

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12
Q

What is stained by periodic acid schiff?

A

Stains carbohydrates and glycoproteins magenta (mucous goblet cells)

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13
Q

What is phase contrast and the advantage it gives?

A

Interference of 2 light waves to see an untainted sample

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14
Q

What is dark field and the advantage of it?

A

Exclude unscattered light/electrons from the image. Can be used on live and untainted samples

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15
Q

What is fluorescence and the advantage of it?

A

Tag target molecule with fluorescent stain. Can use multiple stains

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16
Q

What is confocal and what is the advantage of it?

A

Label tissue with fluorescent probes. Can make a 3D image from a series of 2D images. Use on living samples. Removes out of focus flare

17
Q

Define epithelia

A

Sheets of contiguous tissue of varied embryonic origin that cover external surfaces and line internal surfaces of the body

18
Q

What are the different types of epithelia?

A

Simple/stratified squamous, columnar, cuboidal. Pseudostratified. Transitional

19
Q

Location and function of simple squamous?

A

Blood vessels (endometrium), lining body cavities (mesothelium) alveoli, bow and capsule and loop of henle. Lubrication, gas exchange, barrier

20
Q

Location and function of simple cuboidal

A

Thyroid follicles, exocrine glands, kidney tubules and ovaries. Absorption, secretion, barrier and synthesis of hormones

21
Q

Location and function of simple columnar?

A

Stomach, small intestine, gall bladder, uterus, large exocrine glands. Absorption, secretion, transportation, lubrication. Note - can have micro villi

22
Q

Location and function of pseudostratified?

A

Trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity, epididymis. Secretion, absorption, trapping small particles

23
Q

Location and function of stratified squamous keratinised.

A

Skin, oral cavity. Protect against water loss, abrasion and microbes

24
Q

Location and structure of non keratinised stratified squamous

A

Oesophagus, vagina, anal cavity, cornea, inner eyelid, larynx. Protect against abrasion and water loss

25
Q

Location and function on transitional epithelium

A

Ureters, bladder, urethra. Distensibility, protect underlying tissue from toxic substances

26
Q

What is the position, structure and function of the basement membrane

A

Layer between epithelium and connective tissue. Consists of basal lamina and collagen. Serves as filter and strong layer for epithelium to adhere to

27
Q

Rate of renewal of skin?

A

28 days

28
Q

Rate of renewal of small intestine epithelia

A

4-6 days

29
Q

Define glands

A

An epithelial cell or collection of cells specialised for secretion

30
Q

How can you classify glands by destination of secretion?

A

Endocrine (directly into the blood) and exocrine (into ducts)

31
Q

How can you classify glands by their structure?

A

The secretory part can be unicellular or multicellular. They can also be coiled or branched. If multicellular gland branches it is complex, if it doesn’t branch it is simple.

32
Q

How can you classify glands by nature of secretion?

A

Either serous (watery secretion) or mucous.

33
Q

How can you classify glands by the method of secretion?

A

Holocene, apocrine or merocrine

34
Q

What is merocrine secretion and give an example of glands that do it?

A

Exocytosis - vesicles containing the substance fuses to the membrane and releases its contents. Plasma membrane becomes slightly larger
E.g. Salivary glands and pancreas

35
Q

What is apocrine secretion and what glands use it?

A

The substance is draped in cytoplasm and surrounded by the cell membrane before pinching off. Membrane becomes slightly smaller
E.g. Mammary gland

36
Q

What is holocrine secretion and name a gland that does it?

A

Cell disintegrates releasing contents

E.g. Sebaceous gland

37
Q

Describe endocytosis and how, when combined with exocytosis, it gives transepithelial transport

A

Opposite of exocytosis, material is engulfed by the cell. Then moves the length of the cell before being released by exocytosis

38
Q

Where and why does glycosylation occur?

A

N linked in ER. O linked in Golgi. Makes a cell more specifi

39
Q

What do mucous membranes consist of and where are they found?

A

Mucus secreting cells, epithelium, lamina propria (CT) and in alimentary track smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae). Found in alimentary, respiratory and urinary tract.

40
Q

What do serous membranes consist of and where are they found?

A

Serous fluid secreting cells, simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and connective tissue. Found in peritoneum (abdomen) pleural sacs (lungs) and pericardial sac (heart)

41
Q

Define the limit of solution

A

Minimum distance two objects can be distinguished at

ESA 1 Steven (4 decks)

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