TOA Authors Flashcards
1
Q
James N Rosenau
A
- 1924-2011
- Thinking Theory Thoroughly
- Emperical - what something “is” – descriptive
- Value - what something “ought” to be – prescriptive
2
Q
Peter L. Berger
A
- 1929 -
- Individuals are “not born a member of society. He is born with a predisposition toward sociality, and becomes a member of society
- Higher vs lower self
- Higher: courage, social norms of eating
- Lower: fear of death, hunger
- Institutionalization is the foundation for the social construction of reality.
- To be in society is to participate in its dialectic.
3
Q
Kenneth N. Waltz
A
- 1924 - 2013
- American Poly Sci; taught at UC Berkeley & Columbia
- Founder of neo-realism or structural realism
- Neo-realism = power is the most important thing in international politics
- Three images
- 1st: Human nature drive society; logic does not necessarily contribute
- 2nd: Internal affiars affect external affairs
- 3rd: States must rely on itself to govern, exercise and prevent war. States that have similar views will not go to war. State policies depend on each other’s policies
- Passion is more important than reason in going to war
- Other factors that promote war besides government (economy, etc)
4
Q
Thomas S. Kuhn
A
- 1922-1996
- Rules vs paradigms vs normal science
- Things that create paradigm changes
- Discoveries (constructive-destructive)
- Invention of new theories
- Crisis state (failure)
- To accept a new paradim, you must reject another
- Reasons to not accept
- No reason to attempt to disprove
- event could be an anomaly or counter-instance
- Three types of phenomena that cause development of new theories
- Existing paradigms with divergence from
- Paradigms whose details can only be understood by further theory articulation
- Anomalies that continuously fail to assimilate into existing paradigms
5
Q
John Lewis Gaddis
A
- 1941 -
- Historians don’t want to predict the future like scientists, economists, sociologists, etc. (but he does talk about forecasting)
- Thesis:
- We should learn from the past since it is our only database
- We should do so systematically
- Doesn’t like time travel (e.g. Bill & Ted)
- Selectivity - pick exactly when, where, and the scope
- Simultaneity - analyzing multiple points in time at once
- Scale - shift form macro to micro and back
6
Q
Charles Tilly
A
- 1929 - 2008
- US Navy, PhD in Sociology (BA from Havard)
- Capital locations create cities; coercion creates states
- For military eras
- Patrimonialism (<1500) - militias
- Brokerage (14-1700) - mercenaries
- Nationalization: (17-1850) - mass armies & navies from indigenous people
- Specialization (>1850) - Militaries became specialized branches of the federal government
- Coercion vs. capital is a continuum. More successful states in Europe formed by using both pathways
- Why does war happen? = coercion works
- Essential trio: statemaking, warmaking, protection
- states then needed to extract the three from the population to survive
*
- states then needed to extract the three from the population to survive
7
Q
John A. Lynn
A
- 1943 -
- PhD from UCLA; historian; lectured many times at US military PMEs (including SAMS & CGSS)
- During the enlightenment-ish, argues that war became more about asthetics
- Uniforms - find deserters; fashion statements
- Fortification - ascetically pleasing geometry rather than functional
- French kept smooth-bore fusils into the 19th century b/c there was greater ability to place a lot more rounds down range suffering only minor losses to accuracy
- Officer prejudice - enlisted were not to be trusted
- Enlightenment - became our quest to reduce war/warfare to scientific principles
- Semi-entrepreneurial system
- in 1780s, 85% of commissioned officers were noble who bought their ranks
- officiers financially liable for their units
8
Q
Robert Axelrod & Michael Cohen
A
- Axelrod: 1943-
- Cohen: 1945-2013
- Complexity: talks about a co-evolutionary process; emergence; more than many moving parts
- complex adaptive systems: co-evolutionary process where individual parts adapt to each other
- “Designing new strategies and organizations will frequently imply altering–or even creating–the variation, interaction, and selection that are hallmarks of a Complex Adaptive System.”
9
Q
Lawrence Freedman
A
- 1948-
- Kings College (UK) professor
- After ODS, we believe ‘shock & awe’ is the way to go
- Five Core themes
- Dicotomy: wars are won or lost
- Humans are important (instead of just tech)
- War was protracted in nature
- Enemies not easy to find or pin down
- Military action is a form of communication
10
Q
BG (Ret) Dr. Shimon Naveh
A
- King’s College (London); part-time consultant to SAMS
- Founder of Operational Theory Researc Institute (OTRI)
- Associated with transformation of IDF
- Advocates that operational art is the linkage between strategy and tactics
- Discusses operational shock
- Discusses Center of gravity
- Controlled disequilibrium
11
Q
Dr. Antoine Bousquet
A
- Younger; specializes in war & society, political violence, the history and philosophy of science and technology, and social international political and theor
- Four regimes of the scientifc way of warfare
- Mechanism
- Thermodynamics
- Cybernetics
- Chaoplexity
12
Q
Frans P. B. Osinga
A
- Former Netherland F-16 Pilot; current professor at the Netherlands Defense Academy
- systems thinking; adaptation (plays into anti-fragile)
- Analysis means taking something apart to understand it; systems thinking means putting it into context of the larger whole
- Generative learning: concrete experience -> observation & reflection -> forming mental models -> applying & testing conclusions -> repeat
- Uses Heisenberg uncertainty principle
- Likes Boyd, Jervis, and Clausewitz
13
Q
Antulio Echevarria
A
- At the Army War College; focuses on History and Theory of Warfare; Nature of War; Future Warfare; American Way of War
- Operational level = echelon
- OPART = “the ‘way’ that is used to move military means in the direction of strategic aims”
- Doctrine is lacking: OPART, as described in doctrine is best suited for 1st grammar, but to a point, ignores 2nd grammar
- 5 phases of oeprations
- mobilization, conentration, advance, occupation of positions, combat
14
Q
Brian McAllister Linn
A
- Director of Military Studies Institute at Texas A&M since 1989
- Three types of intellectual traditions
- Guardians - war is an engineering project
- Heroes - personal intangibles such as military genius, experience, courage, morale, and discipline
- Managers - war is a logial outgrowth of political problems
- Peacetime developments is as important as wartime service
- The army misses its weaknesses by seletive use of history
- The army should work with other agencies rather than hand off a problem (stability, reconstruction) to other agencies
15
Q
MacIssac
A
- Airpower guy
- Planes originally observers for arty; then people mounted weapons on planes
- Key development was during Interwar period
- Douhet: warfare is now 3-D
- Air power theorist all had different ideas, so it was hard to understand air power potential (e.g. fighter vs. bomber vs. offense vs. defense…orginially aircraft carriers were more for defensive purposes than offensive)
- Air power development was a reflection of national opinions
- US hierarchy: air superiority, interdiction, CAS
