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389443 > TMS > Flashcards

TMS Flashcards

1
Q

Paragraph 1

TMS is a

A

non-invasive technique used in CN to alter the normal workings of neural pathways

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2
Q

Paragraph 1

How does TMS work?

A
  • High intensity MF next to scalp surface
  • Indues eletrical current
  • Current alters membrane potential of neurons
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3
Q

Paragraph 1

The current serves to alter the membrane potential of neurons in the area…

A

Thus altering the rate and probability of which they will fire

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4
Q

Paragraph 1

If the frequency at which the TMS stimulation is pulsed…

A

Is greater than 1 Hz, it is known as receptive TMS

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5
Q

Paragraph 1

Whether the stimulation induces an excitatory or inhibitory effect….

A

Is contigent on whether the pulse is slow or repetitive

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6
Q

Paragraph 2

What are the studies?

A

O’Reardon et al., 2007
McNamara et al., 2001
Reid et al., 1998
Berlim et al., 2014

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7
Q

O’Reardon et al., 2007

Method

A
  • Large scale study
  • Patients reported resistance to Anti’Ds
  • PFC TMS for 6 weeks
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8
Q

O’Reardon et al., 2007

Findings (2)

A
  • Decreased in S-R depressive symptoms

- TMS group 2x as likely to be in remission at 6 weeks compared to control

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9
Q

McNamara et al., 2001

Method

A
  • Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs investigating TMS and depression
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10
Q

McNamara et al., 2001

Findings

A

Highly significant (p<0.001) beneficial effect of TMS compared to control

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11
Q

Reid et al., 1998

A
  • No withdrawals, few temporary side effects of TMS in treating depression
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12
Q

Reid et al., 1998

2 side effects

A

Transient headache

Discomfort at stimulation site

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13
Q

Paragraph 2

However, it has remained elusive….

A

As to how long these beneficial effects last

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14
Q

Berlim et al., 2014

Method

A

Meta-analysis of 29 RCT’s

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15
Q

Berlim et al., 2014

Findings

A

~1/5 of patients remained in remission following the sessions

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16
Q

Paragraph 3

Studies?

A

Barwood et al., 2011

Li et al., 2015

17
Q

Barwood et al., 2011

Method

A

Inhibitory rTMS to 6 Aphasia patients over 10 days

18
Q

Barwood et al., 2011

Findings

A

Improvements reported in picture naming, sentence complexity and receptive lanuage 2 months post-stimulation COMPARED TO SHAM COIL

19
Q

Barwood et al., 2011

The mechanisms from which the improvements occurred…

A

Were from the downregulation of overactivity in the brain region associated with the deficits

20
Q

Barwood et al., 2011

Criticism of the study

A

Small sample size – unclear whether findings can be further replicated

21
Q

Li et al., (2015)

A

Meta analysis of 4 RCT’s indicated a significant effect of rTMS in strengthening picture naming skills only

22
Q

Paragraph 3

Finishing sentence

A

Further investigation may be required to validate the benefits of TMS in a larger range of skills

23
Q

There is some evidence to suggest that TMS can be used in cognitive enhancement,

A

For example, phonological STM

24
Q

Paragraph 4

Studies (4)

A

Kirschen et al., 2006
Luber et al., 2007
Osaka et al., 2007
Luber & Lisbany, 2014

25
Q

Kirschen et al., 2006

A

Marked improvements in accuracy/recall speed of phonologically similar words compared control

26
Q

Luber et al., 2007

Method

A

5 Hz stimulation applied during delay period of a delayed match-to-sample paradigm

27
Q

Luber et al., 2007

A

Improvements in reaction time and accuracy

28
Q

Osaka et al., 2007

A

Stimulation to the DLPC resulted in significant VERBAL working memory impairments in a reading span test

29
Q

Luber & Lisbany, 2014

A

The efficacy of TMS in cognitive enhancement may be attributable to the frequency of stimualtion/site of stimulus application

30
Q

Paragraph 5

Studies

A

Cohen et al., 1997

Lomber et al., 1999

Ruff et al., 2009

31
Q

TMS can mimic the effect of a lesino…thus,

A

it can broaden the scope of knowledge and research avenues available to cognitive neuroscientists

32
Q

Cohen et al., 1997

A

TMS allowed for the discovery of the role of the visual cortex in Braille-reading, done so by inducing false lesions on sighted pps

33
Q

Paragraph 5

On the other hand… (2 studies)

A

Lomber et al., 1999

Ruff et al., 2009

34
Q

Lomber et al., 1999

A

TMS for lesion studies may have poor spatial specificity

35
Q

Lomber et al., 1999

Consequence of this is that…

A

Region specific consequences of the stimulation may not always be clear

36
Q

Ruff et al., (1999)

A

This limitation may be somewhat compensated for by the utilisation of other neuroimaging technqiues such as fMRI

389443 (2 decks)

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