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TMC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome?

A

The full complement of a single copy of the genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Genome broken into sections - each section called a chromosome

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3
Q

number of base pairs of DNA in human genome

A

3 bill. bp

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4
Q

number of copies of genome in human

A

2 - diploid

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5
Q

number of chromosomes in each copy of genome

A

23

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6
Q

total chromosomes
total bp of DNA

A

46
6 bil bps (2 x 3bil)

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7
Q

best understood prokaryote

A

E. coli
circular genome
4.6 mil bps

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8
Q

best understood eukaryote

A

Brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae)
12 mil bps
16 chromosomes

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9
Q

Gene?

A

Piece of DNA transcribed into RNA

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10
Q

Number of pieces of the human genome are transcribed into RNA?

A

80,000 +

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11
Q

mRNA’s?

A

RNA that encode for proteins are called mRNA’s
mRNA’s translated into proteins
Make up about 21,000 of the 80,000 RNA’s present

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12
Q

noncoding RNA’s

A

rRNA, tRNA, microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)

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13
Q

Pyrimidine - structure?
- where is nitrogen located in it?

A
  • heterocyclic aromatic molecule (like benzene)
  • N atom at positions 1 and 3
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14
Q

What fuses with a pyrimidine to form a purine

A

an imadazole ring.

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15
Q

What bond joins a base to a ribose (in RNA) and to a deoxyribose (in DNA)

A

N-glycosyl bond

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16
Q

What bond joins ribose/deoxyribose to each other in RNA/DNA

A

Phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

identify

A

pyrimidine

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18
Q

identify

A

Purine

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19
Q

identify

A

imidazole ring

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20
Q

identify

A

cytosine

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21
Q

identify

22
Q

identify

23
Q

identify

24
Q

identify

25
identify
ribose
26
identify
deoxyribose
27
nucleoside
molecule formed when a base is linked to a ribose/deoxyribose via an N-glycosyl bond
28
nucleosides of DNA and RNA
The nucleosides of RNA are adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine The nucleosides of DNA are deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine and deoxythymidine.
29
diff between nucleosides and nucleotides
presence of a phosphate groups/atoms (nucleoside doesn't have - nucleotide does)
30
nucleotide
A nucleoside with a phosphate at carbon 5 is a nucleotide
31
nucleotides in RNA
Ribonucleotides -- -- called: adenylate, cytidylate, guanylate, uridylate or adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP) cytidine 5’-monophosphate (CMP) guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP) and uridine 5’-monophosphate (UMP).
32
AMP, CMP, GMP and UMP are the structural units of RNA. dAMP, dCMP, dGMP and dUMP are the structural units of DNA
33
nucleotides in DNA
Deoxyribonucletides-- -- deoxyadenylate, deoxycytidylate, deoxyguanylate, and deoxythymidylate or deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate (dAMP) deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate (dCMP) deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate (dGMP) and deoxythymidine 5’-monophosphate (dTMP).
34
where is the OH group absent on deoxyribose
2 Carbon
35
what are the nucleotides of DNA and RNA linked by
phosphodiester bond
36
what is the phosphodiester bond formed between
carbon 3 of one sugar (ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) and carbon 5 of the next sugar in RNA and DNA.
37
why is DNA -ve charged/ why does it migrate from negative to positive in an electric field?
PO4 is negatively charged
38
direction of a RNA or DNA strand from left to right?
5’ phosphate to the 3’-OH. Typically this is written as 5’ to 3’.
39
hydrogen bonds holding bps togther
-2 hydrogen (H) bonds hold the AT base pair together -3 H-bonds hold the GC base pair together
40
Key aspects of DNA double stranded structure
1. DNA is made of two strands. 2. The two strands go in opposite directions, the strands are anti-parallel. 3. Base pairing occurs between A and T and between G and C. 4. Pairings are held together by hydrogen (H) bonds - two H-bonds between A and T - three H-bonds between G and C. 5. The structure is a double helix. 6. The bases project to the middle of the helix. 7. The phosphates are on the outside like a backbone. 8. The double helix has a major groove and a minor groove. 9. One turn of the helix has approx 10.5 base pairs (bp). 10. The two strands of DNA are said to be complementary to each other. 11. If you know the sequence of one strand, you can immediately tell the sequence and direction of the other / complementary strand because of base pairing rules - eg. the complementary strand to 5’-gaataca-3’ is 3’-cttatgt-5’ 12. right-handed helix. The helix winds in a clockwise manner as you look down its axis.
41
Where can Cytosine can be methylated in mammalian DNA
at the 5 carbon position
42
A short piece of DNA (eg. ~1-100bases)
called an oligoneucleotide -- also called a primer when used in DNA synthesis or PCR)
43
different types of DNA structures
B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA
44
Main form of DNA in living cells
B-DNA
45
Structure of DNA formed influenced by
the environment including salt concentration, water availability and DNA sequence.
46
B-DNA features
- a right handed helix - with a pitch of 3.4nm ~10bps in one full DNA turn - 0.34nm distance between each base pair - the major groove is 2.2nm wide - the minor groove is 1.2nm wide
47
why type of secondary structure cant form in double-stranded RNA and why?
B-type double helix cannot form in double stranded RNA Hydroxyl group at the 2’ position on the ribose prevents formation of a B double helix.
48
Common RNA secondary structures
hairpins, stem loops and pseudoknots.
49
which direction can DNA and RNA only be synthesised in by DNA polymerases
5' to 3' direction
50
usually what is dna direction considered if not given
5' to 3' direction
51
answer these
..

biochem (10 decks)

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