Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biochem > TMC 1 > Flashcards

TMC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genome?

A

The full complement of a single copy of the genetic material of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chromosome

A

Genome broken into sections - each section called a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

number of base pairs of DNA in human genome

A

3 bill. bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

number of copies of genome in human

A

2 - diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

number of chromosomes in each copy of genome

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

total chromosomes
total bp of DNA

A

46
6 bil bps (2 x 3bil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

best understood prokaryote

A

E. coli
circular genome
4.6 mil bps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

best understood eukaryote

A

Brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae)
12 mil bps
16 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gene?

A

Piece of DNA transcribed into RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Number of pieces of the human genome are transcribed into RNA?

A

80,000 +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mRNA’s?

A

RNA that encode for proteins are called mRNA’s
mRNA’s translated into proteins
Make up about 21,000 of the 80,000 RNA’s present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

noncoding RNA’s

A

rRNA, tRNA, microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pyrimidine - structure?
- where is nitrogen located in it?

A
  • heterocyclic aromatic molecule (like benzene)
  • N atom at positions 1 and 3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What fuses with a pyrimidine to form a purine

A

an imadazole ring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What bond joins a base to a ribose (in RNA) and to a deoxyribose (in DNA)

A

N-glycosyl bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What bond joins ribose/deoxyribose to each other in RNA/DNA

A

Phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

identify

A

pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

identify

A

Purine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

identify

A

imidazole ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

identify

A

cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

identify

A

thymine

22
Q

identify

A

uracil

23
Q

identify

A

adenine

24
Q

identify

A

guanine

25
Q

identify

A

ribose

26
Q

identify

A

deoxyribose

27
Q

nucleoside

A

molecule formed when a base is linked to a ribose/deoxyribose via an N-glycosyl bond

28
Q

nucleosides of DNA and RNA

A

The nucleosides of RNA are adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine
The nucleosides of DNA are deoxyadenosine, deoxycytidine, deoxyguanosine and deoxythymidine.

29
Q

diff between nucleosides and nucleotides

A

presence of a phosphate groups/atoms (nucleoside doesn’t have - nucleotide does)

30
Q

nucleotide

A

A nucleoside with a phosphate at carbon 5 is a nucleotide

31
Q

nucleotides in RNA

A

Ribonucleotides –
– called: adenylate, cytidylate, guanylate, uridylate
or
adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)
cytidine 5’-monophosphate (CMP)
guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP) and
uridine 5’-monophosphate (UMP).

32
Q

AMP, CMP, GMP and UMP are the structural units of RNA.
dAMP, dCMP, dGMP and dUMP are the structural units of DNA

A
33
Q

nucleotides in DNA

A

Deoxyribonucletides–
– deoxyadenylate, deoxycytidylate, deoxyguanylate,
and deoxythymidylate
or
deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate (dAMP)
deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate (dCMP)
deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate (dGMP) and
deoxythymidine 5’-monophosphate (dTMP).

34
Q

where is the OH group absent on deoxyribose

A

2 Carbon

35
Q

what are the nucleotides of DNA and RNA linked by

A

phosphodiester bond

36
Q

what is the phosphodiester bond formed between

A

carbon 3 of one sugar (ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) and carbon 5 of the next sugar in RNA and DNA.

37
Q

why is DNA -ve charged/ why does it migrate from negative to positive in an electric field?

A

PO4 is negatively charged

38
Q

direction of a RNA or DNA strand from left to right?

A

5’ phosphate to the 3’-OH. Typically this is written as 5’ to 3’.

39
Q

hydrogen bonds holding bps togther

A

-2 hydrogen (H) bonds hold the AT base pair together
-3 H-bonds hold the GC base pair together

40
Q

Key aspects of DNA double stranded structure

A
  1. DNA is made of two strands.
  2. The two strands go in opposite directions, the strands are anti-parallel.
  3. Base pairing occurs between A and T and between G and C.
  4. Pairings are held together by hydrogen (H) bonds
    - two H-bonds between A and T
    - three H-bonds between G and C.
  5. The structure is a double helix.
  6. The bases project to the middle of the helix.
  7. The phosphates are on the outside like a backbone.
  8. The double helix has a major groove and a minor groove.
  9. One turn of the helix has approx 10.5 base pairs (bp).
  10. The two strands of DNA are said to be complementary to each other.
  11. If you know the sequence of one strand, you can immediately tell the sequence and direction of the other / complementary strand because of base pairing rules
    - eg. the complementary strand to
    5’-gaataca-3’ is 3’-cttatgt-5’
  12. right-handed helix. The helix winds in a clockwise manner as you look down its axis.
41
Q

Where can Cytosine can be methylated in
mammalian DNA

A

at the 5 carbon position

42
Q

A short piece of DNA (eg. ~1-100bases)

A

called an oligoneucleotide – also called a primer when used in DNA synthesis or PCR)

43
Q

different types of DNA structures

A

B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA

44
Q

Main form of DNA in living cells

A

B-DNA

45
Q

Structure of DNA formed influenced by

A

the environment including salt concentration, water availability and DNA sequence.

46
Q

B-DNA features

A
  • a right handed helix
  • with a pitch of 3.4nm
    ~10bps in one full DNA turn
  • 0.34nm distance between each base pair
  • the major groove is 2.2nm wide
  • the minor groove is 1.2nm wide
47
Q

why type of secondary structure cant form in double-stranded RNA and why?

A

B-type double helix cannot form in double stranded RNA

Hydroxyl group at the 2’ position on the ribose prevents
formation of a B double helix.

48
Q

Common RNA secondary structures

A

hairpins, stem loops and pseudoknots.

49
Q

which direction can DNA and RNA only be synthesised in by DNA polymerases

A

5’ to 3’ direction

50
Q

usually what is dna direction considered if not given

A

5’ to 3’ direction

51
Q

answer these

A

..

biochem (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions