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Immunology Exam #1 > TLRs and other important proteins > Flashcards

TLRs and other important proteins Flashcards

1
Q

TLR1: TLR2 heterodimer

A

Ligands - bacterial lipopeptides; receptor carried on monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells in plasma membrane

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2
Q

TLR2: TLR6 heterodimer

A

Ligands - gram positive bacteria lipoteichoic acid and zymosan on yeasts (fungi); carried in plasma membrane of monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

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3
Q

TLR3

A

ligand - double stranded viral RNA from viruses; NK cells have this receptor in their endosomes

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4
Q

TLR4: TLR4 homodimer

A

Recognizes LPS on gram negative bacteria; macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and eosinophils have this receptor in their plasma membrane

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5
Q

TLR5

A

recognizes flagellin on motile bacteria having a flagellum; receptor is located on the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelium cells

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6
Q

TLR7

A

recognizes single-stranded viral RNAs from viruses; receptor is in endosomes of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, NK cells, eosinophils, B cells

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7
Q

TLR8

A

recognizes single stranded viral RNAs from viruses; receptor is on endosomes on NK cells

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8
Q

TLR9

A

recognizes unmethylated CpG-rich DNA on bacteria and viruses (eg herpes viruses); receptor is on endosomes in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B cells, eosinophils, and basophils

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9
Q

TLR10 homodimer and heterodimers with TLR1 and 2

A

recognized ligands and organisms unknown; receptors present on plasmacytoid dendritic cells, basophils, eosinophils, and B cells

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10
Q

What does CXCL8 do?

A

It is a chemoattractant of neutrophils

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11
Q

What role do selectins and ICAMs play?

A

They facilitate the slowing/rolling/binding of neutrophils to the endothelium and eventual diapedesis (“crawling between endothelial cells”)

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12
Q

What do Paneth cells create/secrete?

A

alpha-defensins - HD5 and HD6 - also called cryptdins

they also secrete other microbial factors, such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2

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13
Q

What kinds of cells do NK cells attack?

A

cells with reduced MHC class 1 expression

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14
Q

What are some inhibitory ligands for NK cells?

A

HLA-C, HLA-B,C, HLA class 1, HLA-E

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15
Q

What are some activating ligands for NK cells?

A

HLA-E, possibly HLA-B and C, MIC-A,B and others (expressed by transformed cells), Fc activates the CD16 receptor (=FcgammaRIII)

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16
Q

What are 3 functions of INF-alpha and INF-beta?

A

1) inhibit viral replication in all cells by activating genes that destroy viral mRNA and inhibiting viral protein translation
2) promote the expression of activating ligands recognized by NK cells on virus-infected cells
3) activate NK cells to destroy virus-infected cells

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17
Q

What do Fc receptors serve as receptors for?

A

IgG

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18
Q

What cells express FcgammaRI (CD64) receptors?

A

macrophages, monocytes

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19
Q

What cells express FcgammaRII (CD32) receptors?

A

B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes

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20
Q

What cells express FcgammaRIII (CD16) receptors?

A

NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils

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21
Q

Do most CD4 and CD8 T cells express Fc receptors?

A

No

22
Q

What does FcepsilonRI bind?

A

Binds IgE to activate mast cells

23
Q

What are some functions of Fc receptors?

A

Facilitate phagocytosis and killing (FcgammaRIII on NK cells, Fcgamma RI/RII on phagocytes)

Mediator release (FcepsilonRI on mast cells)

Enhancement of antigen uptake

B cell NEGATIVE feedback

Complement activation

24
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

bone marrow and fetal liver - B cells

thymus - T cells

25
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT = tonsils, adenoids, bronchial, GI - appendix and peyers patches/M cells, genitourinary tract lymphoid tissues)

26
Q

What happens to CD3+ naive T cells?

A

They become functional cells (memory/effector cells; eg Th1/Th2 cells) in the cortex of LNs

27
Q

What happens to CD19+ naive B cells?

A

They undergo differentiation to Ab-producing plasma cells in germinal centers of LNs

28
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells

29
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

mediators of humoral immunity

30
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

mediators of cell-mediated immunity

31
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

cells of innate immunity

32
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells

33
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

initiate T cell responses

34
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

initiation and effector phase of cell-mediated immunity

35
Q

What do follicular dendritic cells do?

A

Display antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses

36
Q

What are the effector cells?

A

T lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes

37
Q

What are the T lymphocytes?

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

38
Q

What are the macrophages and monocytes?

A

cells of the mononuclear-phagocyte system

39
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

eosinophils and neutrophils

40
Q

Which immune cells respond to an infection in the interstitial spaces, blood, or lymph?

A

antibodies, complement, or phagocytosis

41
Q

Which immune cells respond to an infection on the epithelial surfaces?

A

IgA antibodies, antimicrobial peptides

42
Q

Which immune cells respond to an infection in the cytoplasm?

A

cytotoxic T cells, NK cells

43
Q

Which immune cells respond to an infection in vesicles within a cell?

A

activated macrophages

44
Q

How does humoral immunity work (generally)

A

B lymphocytes respond to extracellular microbes by secreting antibodies which block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes

45
Q

How does cell-mediated immunity work (generally) - 2 methods

A

1) helper T lymphocytes bind to macrophages which have phagocytosed microbes and activate them to kill the microbes
2) cytotoxic T lymphocytes bind to cells which have intracellular microbes (eg viruses) which are replicating and kill the infected cells, eliminating reservoirs of infection

46
Q

Describe a primary adaptive immune response. How about a secondary adaptive immune response?

A

in response to an antigen, naive B cells are activated and reach a weak peak at around 2 weeks. In response to the same antigen later on, naive B cells are activated and reach a more vigorous peak in a few days (faster)

47
Q

How do T cells bind peptides presented by dendritic cells and other antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

dendritic cell takes up pathogen and degrades it, an MHC molecule binds degraded peptides and goes to the cell surface, and t cell receptors bind to the complex and stimulate the T cell to divide and differentiate

48
Q

Describe the difference between MHC1 and MHC2 molecules

A

MHC 1 and 2 have several differences:
MHC 2 is made up of two similarly sized polypeptides, both of which are anchored in the plasma membrane of the antigen presenting cell. MHC 1 is made up of one larger polypeptide with one anchored region and a smaller polypeptide comprises the 4th extracellular domain and is not anchored

MHC class 1 presents antigens from intracellular pathogens and MHC class 2 presents antigens from extracellular pathogens

49
Q

Do MHC 2 proteins have to do with CD4 or CD 8?

A

The CD4 co-receptor is expressed on helper CD4 T cells and binds to MHC II molecules

50
Q

Do MHC1 proteins have to do with CD4 or CD8?

A

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells have a CD8 co-receptor that binds to MHC 1 molecules

Immunology Exam #1 (1 decks)

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