TITRATIONS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Question 1

are widely used in analytical chemistry to determine acids, bases, oxidants, reductants, metal ions, proteins, and many other species.

Answer 1

Titrations

Question 2

titrations are based on a reaction between the analyte and a standard reagent known as the ____

Answer 2

titrant

Question 3

are based on determining the quantity of a reagent of known concentration that is required to react completely with the analyte. The reagent may be a standard solution of a chemical or an electric current of known magnitude.

Answer 3

Titration Methods

Question 4

3 Methods for Titration:

Answer 4

Volumetric Titration
Gravimetric Titration
Coulometric Titration

Question 5

involves measuring the volume of a solution of known concentration that is needed to react completely with the analyte

Answer 5

Volumetric Titration -

Question 6

the mass of the reagent is measured instead of its volume

Answer 6

Gravimetric Titration

Question 7

the quantity of charge required to complete a reaction with the analyte is the measured quantity

Answer 7

Coulometric Titration

Question 8

is a reagent of known concentration that is used to carry out a volumetric titration

Answer 8

Standard Solution

Question 9

a process in which the excess of a standard solution used to consume an analyte is determined by titration with a second standard solution.

Answer 9

Back Titrations

Question 10

is the point in a titration when the amount of added standard reagent is equivalent to the amount of analyte

Answer 10

Equivalence Point

Question 11

is the point in a titration when a physical change occurs that is associated with the condition of chemical equivalence

Answer 11

End Point

Question 12

The difference in volume or mass between the equivalence point and the end point

Answer 12

Titration Error (Et)

Question 13

ctual volume to reach end point

Answer 13

Vep

Question 14

theoretical volume to reach equivalence point

Answer 14

Veq

Question 15

compounds that allow us to detect end point of titrations

Answer 15

Indicators

Question 16

weak organic acid or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate base or its conjugate acid form

Answer 16

Acid-base indicators

Question 17

oxidizing agents or reducing agent and signals the end point of redox solution.

Answer 17

Redox Indicator

Question 18

organic dyes, colored complex metal ions, must bind less strongly by metal ions than the complex agent does.

Answer 18

Metal- Ion indicators

Question 19

is an ultrapure compound that serves as the reference material for titration or for another type of quantitative analysis

Answer 19

Primary Standards

Question 20

is a compound whose purity has been determined by chemical analysis. The secondary standard serves as the working standard material for titrations and for many other analyses

Answer 20

Secondary Standard

Question 21

Methods to establish concentration of solution:

Answer 21

Direct Method\
Standardization

Question 22

VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

Answer 22

Molarity/ Normality
Equivalence weight
Molality

Question 23

number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one liter of solution.

Answer 23

Normality

Question 24

gram atomic weight divided by its valence.

Answer 24

Equivalent Weight

Question 25

involves using relationship between reactants/products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data; balancing of reactions

Answer 25

Stoichiometric Calculations

Question 26

differ from their volumetric counterparts in that the mass of the titrant is measured rather than the volume.

Answer 26

gravimetric titrations

Question 27

are widely used to determine the amounts of acids and bases.

Answer 27

Neutralization titrations

Question 28

Most Common Acid/ Base Indicators:

Answer 28

titration of strong acid: such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid titration of a weak acid: such as acetic or lactic acid titration of weak bases: such as sodium cyanide or sodium salicylate

Question 29

such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid

Answer 29

titration of strong acid:

Question 30

such as acetic or lactic acid

Answer 30

titration of a weak acid:

Question 31

such as sodium cyanide or sodium salicylate

Answer 31

titration of weak bases:

Question 32

2 TYPES OF TITRATION ERROR

Answer 32

Determinate Error Indeterminate Error

Question 33

occurs when the pH at which the indicator change color differs from the pH at the equivalence point.

Answer 33

Determinate Error

Question 34

depends on the change in pH. originates from the limited ability of the human eye to the indeterminate color of the indicator.

Answer 34

Indeterminate Error

Question 35

Variables that influence the behavior of indicator:

Answer 35

Temperature The ionic strength of medium Presence of organic solvents & colloidal particles