Tissues + Structures Flashcards
What is the outer most layer of skin and what is the cellular structure
Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium - keratinising variety
Skin colour is determined by what
Activity (not number) of melanocytes - up take of melanin
Connective tissue is from what embryological layer
Mesoderm
What are the 2 types of sweat glands
Eccrine (majority) - water
Apocrine - larger, open into hair follicles
Sebaceous glands are found where
Hairy skin - grape like structure besides hair follicle
What muscles are attached to hair follicles
Erector pili
Skin is connected to surrounding tissues by areolar (loose connective tissue) - what structure carries nerves etc within this?
Panniculus Adiposus - fatty layer of sub cut tissue carries nerves and vessels, has some fascia component
Deep fascia varies in size for what reason
thick over non-expansile parts and thin over expansile parts for movement
Deep fascia nerve supply is
the same as overlying skin
2 types of ligaments are
White (non elastic): lots of collagen, may elongate under prolonged strain
Yellow (elastic): ligamentum flavum, capsular ligaments
Tendons blood supply is
from an anastomosis between muscle belly and periosteum
Where tendons are under friction what structure is present
Synovial sheath
Raphes are…
Interdigitation of short tendinous ends of fibres of flat muscle sheets
E.g. Pterygomandibular, mylohyoid, pharyngeal, anococcygeal
3 types of cartilage are:
- Hyaline - articular, avascular, repair is fibrou
- Fibrocartilage - vertebral discs, menisci etc. has own blood supply and tends to calcify
- Elastic - pinna, epiglottis - easily distorted, never calcifies
3 types of muscle
- Skeletal - striated, multinucleated, non-branching
- Cardiac - striated, single nucleus, short branching
- Visceral - smooth, single nucleus, spindle shaped cells - tubes have circular and longitudinal layers - gap junctions
Skeletal muscle fibres
Red - slow/aerobic
White - fast/anaerobic
Muscle spindles are
up to ten skeletal muscle cells in connective tissue capsule - more common for fine movements, innervated by gamma MN
How are impulses transmitted by visceral muscle?
gap junctions
Muscle mover can be (4 types)
- Primer mover
- Antagonist
- Fixator
- Synergist
In limb plexus’ the anterior division supplies flexors or extensors?
flexors (moves anterior) and posterior group supplies extensors
name the blood channels in bone
Canaliculi to haversian canals with volkman channels running at right angles
2 types of bone
Compact and cancellous
Bone development has 2 processes
- Intramembranous - bone laid down in fibrous tissue - no cartilage precursor
- Endochondral - hyaline cartilage gradually destroyed and replaced with bone
3 types of joints
- Fibrous - between bones and cartilage - gradually ossify eg skull
- Cartilaginous - between bone and hyaline cartilage - eg epiphyses and rib cartilage
- Synovial - moving joints
6 characteristics of synovial joints
- Bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
- Surrounded by capsule
- Joint cavity/potential space
- Reinforcing ligaments
- Lined by synovial membrane
- Varying degrees of movement
Hiltons law:
the motor nerve to a muscle tends to give a branch of supply to the joint which the muscle
moves and another branch to the skin over the joint.
Stability of synovial joint is by which 3 factors?
- Bony contours
- Ligaments
- Muscle
Layers of mucous membrane (internal body surface that communicates with exterior)
- Epithelium
- Connective tissue (laminae propria)
- Smooth mucles (muscularis mucosa)
Serous membrane layers (lining of closed body cavities eg. pericardium, pleura)
- Connective tissue
- Single layer of flattened mesothelial cells
two layers slide over each other lubricated by lymph
Only parietal layer as nerve supply
Vascular layers
- Tunica intima - endothelial lining (connective tissue in arteries) and has internal elastic lamina
- Tunica Media - smooth muscle - external elastic laminae
- Tunica Adventitia - outer connective tissue
Lymph tissue is found…
thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen
Lymphatics follow veins or arteries?
superficial lymp - follows veins
deep lymph - arteries
Veins have a much thinner ___ layer compared with arteries?
tunica media, veins also have surrounding deep space which allows for great dilatation
