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Regional Anatomy - Daves Notes > Tissues + Structures > Flashcards

Tissues + Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outer most layer of skin and what is the cellular structure

A

Epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium - keratinising variety

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2
Q

Skin colour is determined by what

A

Activity (not number) of melanocytes - up take of melanin

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3
Q

Connective tissue is from what embryological layer

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine (majority) - water

Apocrine - larger, open into hair follicles

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5
Q

Sebaceous glands are found where

A

Hairy skin - grape like structure besides hair follicle

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6
Q

What muscles are attached to hair follicles

A

Erector pili

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7
Q

Skin is connected to surrounding tissues by areolar (loose connective tissue) - what structure carries nerves etc within this?

A

Panniculus Adiposus - fatty layer of sub cut tissue carries nerves and vessels, has some fascia component

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8
Q

Deep fascia varies in size for what reason

A

thick over non-expansile parts and thin over expansile parts for movement

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9
Q

Deep fascia nerve supply is

A

the same as overlying skin

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10
Q

2 types of ligaments are

A

White (non elastic): lots of collagen, may elongate under prolonged strain
Yellow (elastic): ligamentum flavum, capsular ligaments

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11
Q

Tendons blood supply is

A

from an anastomosis between muscle belly and periosteum

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12
Q

Where tendons are under friction what structure is present

A

Synovial sheath

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13
Q

Raphes are…

A

Interdigitation of short tendinous ends of fibres of flat muscle sheets
E.g. Pterygomandibular, mylohyoid, pharyngeal, anococcygeal

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14
Q

3 types of cartilage are:

A
  1. Hyaline - articular, avascular, repair is fibrou
  2. Fibrocartilage - vertebral discs, menisci etc. has own blood supply and tends to calcify
  3. Elastic - pinna, epiglottis - easily distorted, never calcifies
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15
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal - striated, multinucleated, non-branching
  2. Cardiac - striated, single nucleus, short branching
  3. Visceral - smooth, single nucleus, spindle shaped cells - tubes have circular and longitudinal layers - gap junctions
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16
Q

Skeletal muscle fibres

A

Red - slow/aerobic

White - fast/anaerobic

17
Q

Muscle spindles are

A

up to ten skeletal muscle cells in connective tissue capsule - more common for fine movements, innervated by gamma MN

18
Q

How are impulses transmitted by visceral muscle?

A

gap junctions

19
Q

Muscle mover can be (4 types)

A
  1. Primer mover
  2. Antagonist
  3. Fixator
  4. Synergist
20
Q

In limb plexus’ the anterior division supplies flexors or extensors?

A

flexors (moves anterior) and posterior group supplies extensors

21
Q

name the blood channels in bone

A

Canaliculi to haversian canals with volkman channels running at right angles

22
Q

2 types of bone

A

Compact and cancellous

23
Q

Bone development has 2 processes

A
  1. Intramembranous - bone laid down in fibrous tissue - no cartilage precursor
  2. Endochondral - hyaline cartilage gradually destroyed and replaced with bone
24
Q

3 types of joints

A
  1. Fibrous - between bones and cartilage - gradually ossify eg skull
  2. Cartilaginous - between bone and hyaline cartilage - eg epiphyses and rib cartilage
  3. Synovial - moving joints
25
Q

6 characteristics of synovial joints

A
  1. Bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
  2. Surrounded by capsule
  3. Joint cavity/potential space
  4. Reinforcing ligaments
  5. Lined by synovial membrane
  6. Varying degrees of movement
26
Q

Hiltons law:

A

the motor nerve to a muscle tends to give a branch of supply to the joint which the muscle
moves and another branch to the skin over the joint.

27
Q

Stability of synovial joint is by which 3 factors?

A
  1. Bony contours
  2. Ligaments
  3. Muscle
28
Q

Layers of mucous membrane (internal body surface that communicates with exterior)

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective tissue (laminae propria)
  3. Smooth mucles (muscularis mucosa)
29
Q

Serous membrane layers (lining of closed body cavities eg. pericardium, pleura)

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Single layer of flattened mesothelial cells
    two layers slide over each other lubricated by lymph
    Only parietal layer as nerve supply
30
Q

Vascular layers

A
  1. Tunica intima - endothelial lining (connective tissue in arteries) and has internal elastic lamina
  2. Tunica Media - smooth muscle - external elastic laminae
  3. Tunica Adventitia - outer connective tissue
31
Q

Lymph tissue is found…

A

thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen

32
Q

Lymphatics follow veins or arteries?

A

superficial lymp - follows veins

deep lymph - arteries

33
Q

Veins have a much thinner ___ layer compared with arteries?

A

tunica media, veins also have surrounding deep space which allows for great dilatation

Regional Anatomy - Daves Notes (3 decks)

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