Tissues of the Body Flashcards
Give 3 examples of where you’d find simple squamous epithelium
Bowman’s capsule wall
Endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
Pericardium, peritoneum, pleural cavities
Give 3 examples of where you would find simple columnar epithelium?
Most of GI tract
Gall bladder lining
Bile duct lining
Ducts of many glands
Where would you find pseudo-stratified ciliates columnar epithelium?
Upper respiratory tract
Where would you find stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium?
Buccal cavity Lower pharynx Oesophagus Anal canal Vagina
Where would you find stratified squamous keratinised epithelium?
Skin
Occasionally mouth
Where would you find transitional epithelium?
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Ducts of sweat glands
Ducts of salivary glands
Lactiferous sinus of mammary gland
Where would you find stratified columnar epithelium?
Conjunctiva
Some of the male urethra
What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Exocrine- secrete into duct and maintain contact with epithelium
Endocrine- secrete directly into blood or lymph, ductless
Give 2 examples of unicellular exocrine glands
Goblet cells in the jejunum
Lieberkühn’s glands in the large intestine
What is the difference between simple and compound multicellular exocrine glands?
Simple - an unbranched duct straight or coiled
Compound - have ducts which branch repeatedly, acinar, tubular
Give 2 examples of multicellular exocrine glands and classify them
Parotid gland - acinar, serous
Submandibular gland - tubuloacinar serous and mucus gland
Give 3 examples of endocrine glands
Thyroid
Adrenal
Parathyroid
(Pancreas)
What is the limit of resolution?
The minimum distance two objects have to be apart and can still be distinguishable as separate from each other
What are the functions of a membrane?
Compartmentalisation
Movement of ions
Intercellular adhesion and recognition
Signal transduction
What three things are contained within the nucleus?
DNA
RNA
Nucleoproteins
What is the purpose of the nucleus?
Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly
Site of transcription
What are the functions of the smooth and rough ER?
Smooth - lipid biosynthesis and intracellular transport
Rough- protein synthesis of proteins with an extracellular destination
What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
Sort, concentrate, modify and package proteins from the rough ER
Destined to become lysosomes or leave cell by exocytosis
What is the function of lysosomes?
Fuse with and digest contents of endocytosed vesicles.
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Utilise oxygen to produce H2O2, used to oxidise other substrates e.g. Alcohol
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Maintains and changes cell shape
Provides support and means of movement for organelles
Give 3 examples of where you’d find simple cuboidal epithelium
Follicular thyroid cells
Kidney tubules
Various duct glands
Covering of ovaries
What are the main features of a eukaryotic cell (5 things)
No envelope or capsid Membrane bound organelles Nucleus with chromosomes DNA and RNA No reverse transcriptase
What are the features of a prokaryotic cell? 6 things
Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall No membrane bound organelles Free DNA loops DNA and RNA Pili and flagella No reverse transcriptase
What are the main features of viruses- 6 things
Can be enveloped Can have capsids No organelles DNA OR RNA No pili or flagella Can have reverse transcriptase
What type of bacterium would you use acid fast stain to identify?
Mycobacterium
What colour does the gram stain go if positive or negative?
Positive is blue
Negative is red
Define pathogen
A microorganism which causes disease
What is the significance of whether a virus has a DNA or RNA genome?
RNA is much more unstable and therefore more likely to mutate
What is the significance of whether or not a virus has an envelope?
Enveloped viruses are easier to sterilise because they can’t live without their envelope
Give 3 examples of enveloped DNA viruses
Hepatitis B
Herpes
Smallpox
Give 3 examples of enveloped RNA viruses
HIV
Rubella
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Give an example of a non enveloped DNA virus
HPV
Give 2 examples of non enveloped RNA viruses
Polio
Hepatitis A
What bacteria causes tuberculosis and how is it stained?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid fast
What bacteria causes leprosy and how is it stained?
Mycobacterium leprosy
Acid fast
Define reservoir
Any person, plant, animal, soil or substance in which a pathogen lives or multiplies
Define source
Readily available form of an infective agent
Give examples of modes of infection transmission (5)
Ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, inoculation, sexual transmission
Define carriage and give an example
Passage taken by a microbe, e.g throat
Define normal flora
Non-pathogenic bacteria naturally found in our bodies, e.g. The gut
Define commensal
Symbiotic relationship where one organism derives benefit and the other is unaffected
Where is the oocyte fertilised?
In the ampulla
What is a fertilised oocyte knows as?
Zygote
What is the ideal site of implantation for the zygote?
Posterior uterine wall
What are the three developmental stages and what weeks do they take place?
Pre-embryonic : week 1 to 3
Embryonic : week 3 to 9
Fetal : week 9 to 38
Define cleavage
The dividing of cells into two masses known as blastomeres
What is the zona pellucida?
The glycoprotein shell around the oocyte which prevents polyspermy
What is the morula?
The result of cleavage of the zygote, each cell is totipotent
What is the blastocyst?
The mass of cells formed when the morula is compacted
What is the trophoblast?
The outer cell mass which will later form the embryo’s support structures, I.e. The placenta
What is the embryoblast?
The inner cell mass - will late become the trilaminar disk
What is implantation and when does it occur?
Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus wall - day 6-7
What is the cytotrophoblast?
Placental membrane around the yolk sac
What is the syncytiotrophoblast?
Cells that invade the maternal sinusoids, resulting in uteroplacental circulation
What three main processes occur in week one of development?
Compaction - day 4 - blastomeres compact to form blastocyst
Hatching - day 5- blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida
Implantation begins - day 6-7
