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ESA1 Revison > Tissues of the Body > Flashcards

Tissues of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 examples of where you’d find simple squamous epithelium

A

Bowman’s capsule wall
Endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
Pericardium, peritoneum, pleural cavities

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2
Q

Give 3 examples of where you would find simple columnar epithelium?

A

Most of GI tract
Gall bladder lining
Bile duct lining
Ducts of many glands

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3
Q

Where would you find pseudo-stratified ciliates columnar epithelium?

A

Upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium?

A 
Buccal cavity
Lower pharynx 
Oesophagus
Anal canal 
Vagina
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5
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous keratinised epithelium?

A

Skin

Occasionally mouth

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6
Q

Where would you find transitional epithelium?

A

Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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7
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Ducts of sweat glands
Ducts of salivary glands
Lactiferous sinus of mammary gland

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8
Q

Where would you find stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Conjunctiva

Some of the male urethra

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9
Q

What’s the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine- secrete into duct and maintain contact with epithelium
Endocrine- secrete directly into blood or lymph, ductless

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of unicellular exocrine glands

A

Goblet cells in the jejunum

Lieberkühn’s glands in the large intestine

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11
Q

What is the difference between simple and compound multicellular exocrine glands?

A

Simple - an unbranched duct straight or coiled

Compound - have ducts which branch repeatedly, acinar, tubular

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of multicellular exocrine glands and classify them

A

Parotid gland - acinar, serous

Submandibular gland - tubuloacinar serous and mucus gland

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of endocrine glands

A

Thyroid
Adrenal
Parathyroid
(Pancreas)

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14
Q

What is the limit of resolution?

A

The minimum distance two objects have to be apart and can still be distinguishable as separate from each other

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15
Q

What are the functions of a membrane?

A

Compartmentalisation
Movement of ions
Intercellular adhesion and recognition
Signal transduction

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16
Q

What three things are contained within the nucleus?

A

DNA
RNA
Nucleoproteins

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly

Site of transcription

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18
Q

What are the functions of the smooth and rough ER?

A

Smooth - lipid biosynthesis and intracellular transport

Rough- protein synthesis of proteins with an extracellular destination

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Sort, concentrate, modify and package proteins from the rough ER
Destined to become lysosomes or leave cell by exocytosis

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20
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Fuse with and digest contents of endocytosed vesicles.

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21
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Utilise oxygen to produce H2O2, used to oxidise other substrates e.g. Alcohol

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22
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

Maintains and changes cell shape

Provides support and means of movement for organelles

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23
Q

Give 3 examples of where you’d find simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Follicular thyroid cells
Kidney tubules
Various duct glands
Covering of ovaries

24
Q

What are the main features of a eukaryotic cell (5 things)

A 
No envelope or capsid
Membrane bound organelles 
Nucleus with chromosomes 
DNA and RNA 
No reverse transcriptase
25
Q

What are the features of a prokaryotic cell? 6 things

A 
Peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide cell wall 
No membrane bound organelles 
Free DNA loops
DNA and RNA 
Pili and flagella 
No reverse transcriptase
26
Q

What are the main features of viruses- 6 things

A 
Can be enveloped 
Can have capsids
No organelles 
DNA OR RNA 
No pili or flagella 
Can have reverse transcriptase
27
Q

What type of bacterium would you use acid fast stain to identify?

A

Mycobacterium

28
Q

What colour does the gram stain go if positive or negative?

A

Positive is blue

Negative is red

29
Q

Define pathogen

A

A microorganism which causes disease

30
Q

What is the significance of whether a virus has a DNA or RNA genome?

A

RNA is much more unstable and therefore more likely to mutate

31
Q

What is the significance of whether or not a virus has an envelope?

A

Enveloped viruses are easier to sterilise because they can’t live without their envelope

32
Q

Give 3 examples of enveloped DNA viruses

A

Hepatitis B
Herpes
Smallpox

33
Q

Give 3 examples of enveloped RNA viruses

A

HIV
Rubella
Rotavirus
Coronavirus

34
Q

Give an example of a non enveloped DNA virus

A

HPV

35
Q

Give 2 examples of non enveloped RNA viruses

A

Polio

Hepatitis A

36
Q

What bacteria causes tuberculosis and how is it stained?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Acid fast

37
Q

What bacteria causes leprosy and how is it stained?

A

Mycobacterium leprosy

Acid fast

38
Q

Define reservoir

A

Any person, plant, animal, soil or substance in which a pathogen lives or multiplies

39
Q

Define source

A

Readily available form of an infective agent

40
Q

Give examples of modes of infection transmission (5)

A

Ingestion, inhalation, physical contact, inoculation, sexual transmission

41
Q

Define carriage and give an example

A

Passage taken by a microbe, e.g throat

42
Q

Define normal flora

A

Non-pathogenic bacteria naturally found in our bodies, e.g. The gut

43
Q

Define commensal

A

Symbiotic relationship where one organism derives benefit and the other is unaffected

44
Q

Where is the oocyte fertilised?

A

In the ampulla

45
Q

What is a fertilised oocyte knows as?

A

Zygote

46
Q

What is the ideal site of implantation for the zygote?

A

Posterior uterine wall

47
Q

What are the three developmental stages and what weeks do they take place?

A

Pre-embryonic : week 1 to 3
Embryonic : week 3 to 9
Fetal : week 9 to 38

48
Q

Define cleavage

A

The dividing of cells into two masses known as blastomeres

49
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The glycoprotein shell around the oocyte which prevents polyspermy

50
Q

What is the morula?

A

The result of cleavage of the zygote, each cell is totipotent

50
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

The mass of cells formed when the morula is compacted

50
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The outer cell mass which will later form the embryo’s support structures, I.e. The placenta

50
Q

What is the embryoblast?

A

The inner cell mass - will late become the trilaminar disk

50
Q

What is implantation and when does it occur?

A

Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus wall - day 6-7

50
Q

What is the cytotrophoblast?

A

Placental membrane around the yolk sac

50
Q

What is the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Cells that invade the maternal sinusoids, resulting in uteroplacental circulation

50
Q

What three main processes occur in week one of development?

A

Compaction - day 4 - blastomeres compact to form blastocyst
Hatching - day 5- blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida
Implantation begins - day 6-7

ESA1 Revison (3 decks)

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