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Body Logistics :) > Tissues (general) > Flashcards

Tissues (general) Flashcards

1
Q

When do cells first coalesce

A

During embryogenesis
Blastocyst inner cell mass develops into an organism whilst the rest forms the placenta

Inner cell mass forms the EPIBLAST
Trophoblast develop into the placenta
Hypoblast forms inner cell mass

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2
Q

How are cells held together

A
  • cell-cell adhesion molecules
  • extracellular matrix proteins (fibres)
  • internal-external scaffolding
  • close proximity (pressure effects)
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3
Q

Tissue and organ definition

A

Tissue - a collection of cells that are adapted to perform a specific function

Organ- two or more tissues are combined to create a structural unit that has a particular function that are a sum of its parts

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4
Q

How are connective tissue layers bound

A
  • cells sparsely distributed in a lot of extracellular matrix
  • matrix is rich in fibrous polymers (collagen) and bears the most mechanical stress
  • rare direct attachments between cells
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5
Q

How are epithelial tissue layers bound

A
  • cells tightly bound into epithelia
  • little extracellular matrix but contains the BASAL LAMINA under the epithelium
  • cell to cell adhesions bear most mechanical stress
  • strong intercellular protein filaments (of cytoskeleton) attach to specialised junctions in plasma membrane. These join the cells to the basal lamina

Epithelial cells line all the cavities and free surfaces of the body

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6
Q

Connective tissue structure and function

A

-the mesenchymal stem cell (type of immature fibroblast) can convert between several cell types producing most of the extracellular fibres making tissue. In culture, becomes mature and produces protein, allowing cells to adhere to plastic/glass.

  • made of cells, fibres, ground substance
  • functions in:
    1. binding and supporting
    2. protecting
    3. Insulating
    4. Storing reserve fuel and cells
    5. Transport (blood)
    6. separation of tissues
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7
Q

Epithelial cell adherence systems in lateral and basal surface

A

Lateral: tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosome, Gap junctions, cell adhesion molecules

Basal; hemi-desmosome, focal adhesions, integrins, proteoglycans, cell adhesion molecules

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8
Q

Tight junctions (lateral surface of epithelia)

A

At top of cell
Prevents movement of larger molecules though outer layer into deeper tissue layers of organ

Can transiently open in gut to allow small molecules to cross PARACELLULAR TRANSPORT

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9
Q

Adhesion junctions (only in epithelial and endothelial cells in lateral surface)

A
  • 1/3 distance from surface
  • in pairs, formed from intracellular actin filaments
  • linked to E-CADHERIN proteins that cross the intercellular space
  • forms BELT OF ADHESION
  • functions as tissue stabilising factor and additional transport barrier
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10
Q

Gap junctions and which cells don’t have gap junctions

A
  • close to base of epithelial cells
  • cardiac and smooth muscle cells
  • communicates changes in intercellular molecular composition
  • allows free movement of small molecules from one cell to another
  • allows wave of electrical impulse in smooth muscle contraction
  • made of connexins in an hexagonal pattern

Spermatozoa, erythrocytes and motile cells dont have gap junctions

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11
Q

How to epithelial cells adhere to epithelial cells and basal lamina and muscle cells??

A

Epithelial cell to epithelial cell though cell surface proteins
Epithelial cells to basal lamina (extracellular matrix) by cellular adhesion molecules, making epithelial tissues
Epithelial cells to muscle cells through connective tissue fibres

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12
Q

Function of adherence proteins

A
  • survival and structure of cells and tissues

- prevent pathogen entry to internal environment

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13
Q

Mucosal membrane

A

This lines all the moist hollow internal organs of the body

  • continuous with the skin at some body openings
  • secretes mucus (mucins (protein), electrolytes, lysozyme, immunoglobulins)
  • function to stop pathogens entering body, prevent tissue dehydration, lubricate the surface
  • eg GI tract, Urinary tract, Respiratory tract
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14
Q

Layers of the embryo

A

From surface inwards:

  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm

From these layers, all cell types are formed

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15
Q

Layers in the GI tract

A
  • mucosa lining the lumen (epithelial cell lining and supporting mesenchymal layer)
  • muscularis mucosae (thin, discontinuous smooth muscle layer)
  • submucosa (connective tissue layer with arteries and veins)
  • muscularis externa (smooth muscle layer containing muscle fibres in 2 directions: inner circular muscle, outer longitudinal muscle)

Note: mucosae structure almost identical throughout the GI tract
-serosa (another connective tissue layer containing collagen, elastin fibres with arteries, veins and nerve fibres)

-(sometimes an outer layer of epithelial cells)

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16
Q

Oesphegeal structure-function relationships

A

Epithelium; stratified, squamous, non-keretenised (withstands abrasion)
Submucosa; layer of connective tissue with mucus secreting glands
Muscularis externa; smooth muscle layers
Inner- circular
Outer- longitudinal which move a bonus of food by peristalsis

17
Q

Function of mucosa

A
  1. Absorb substances from lumen
    (Epithelial cell specialisations - folding of mucosa, microvilli, peristaltic actions, Musculris mucosae folds mucosa to inc surface area-stability)
  2. Prevent ingress of pathogens
    (Epithelial cell specialisations, lamina propria contains lymphatic tissue -underlying lymphatic tissue)
  3. Move contents and expel waste
    (Muscularis externa in peristalsis)
18
Q

Epithelium in urinary tract

A
  • corpuscle lining is flattened/squamous epithelium
  • lining of collecting ducts is cuboidal epithelium
  • proximal tubes contain ciliates surface
  • basal lamina around each tubule
19
Q

Bladder histology

A
  • transitional epithelium (can be stretched when filled with urine in the distended state (opposite is relaxed)) can be binucleate
  • lamina propria
  • muscular layer (detrusor muscle)
20
Q

What do epithelial cells do in the bladder

A
  • mucus production;
  • protection from damage by acidic urine
  • tight junctions and very well packed - prevents leakage to inner cell layers
  • prevents pathogens coming up
21
Q

Histology of the urethra

A
  • similar to bladder but epithelial cells change from transitional to stratified squamous/ keratinised squamous epithelium at the outlet
  • mucus glands produce mucus preventing ingress of pathogens
22
Q

Urinary tract summary

A

Similar to GI tract

  • absorption of essential nutrients in kidney
  • prevention of pathogen entry
  • removal of waste
23
Q

Respiratory tract structure

A

CONDUCTING PORTION; nasal cavity to bronchioles

RESPIRATORY PORTION; respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

24
Q

Trachea and primary bronchi structure

A
  • mucosa; covered in cilia to move dirt and debris towards the mouth. Lamina propria is very thin. No longitudinal muscularis mucosa layer
  • submucosa; connective tissue layer w/ collagen,elastin fibres and many fibroblasts. Also seromucous glands that produce a watery mucus which thickens during infection
  • C shaped Hyaline cartilage (can be palpated externally) made from 2 layers: perichondrium (fibroblasts that lay down collagen fibres), and Chrodrogenic layer (where cartilage is formed)

NO OUTER LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

25
Q

Secretions of the epithelium and submucosal glands from trachea and bronchi contain

A

Mucins and water - make sticky mucus
Serum proteins - lubricates the surfaces
Lysozyme - destroys bacteria
Anti-proteases - inactivate bacterial enzymes

A MUCOCILLIARY ESCALATOR moves materials to oral cavity in a cilia wave

26
Q

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

Similar to primary except cartilage isn’t a full circle of rings

-epithelium (pseudostratified and ciliated)
-bound by smooth muscle
-supported by seromucous glands in the submucosa
-airway kept open by crescent shaped cartilage
NO OUTER SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER

27
Q

Alveolus structure

A
  • capillaries are lined with flattened specialised epithelial cells (endothelium), attached to a fused basal lamina with thinner epithelial cells of the air sac on the opposite side
  • basal lamina is folded, can expand when air drawn in
  • collagen at junction making the mucosa rigid, with elastin fibres (recoil in expiration)
  • connective tissue muscle layers in mucosa created by collagen and elastin fibres

Body Logistics :) (5 decks)

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