Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ANAT2029 > Tissues/Biomechanics > Flashcards

Tissues/Biomechanics Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

brain and spinal cord (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do neural crest cells develop into?

A

dorsal root ganglia cells (sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do somites develop into?

A

most of the skeleton:
skeletal muscle of the neck, trunk & limbs
tendons & ligaments
dermis on the back & limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are somites of the dermis, skeletal muscle and skelton called?

A

dermis = dermatome
skeletal muscle = myotome
skeleton = sclerotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by the sensory neurons from a single spinal segment/ nerve (dorsal root)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a myotome

A

collection of muscle fibres innervated by the motor neurons from a single spinal segment/ nerve (ventral root)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What will damage to a spinal nerve cause?

A

sensory loss in the dermatome and weakness in a muscle whose majority of muscle fibres recieve innervation from motor neurons exiting through that spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define a tissue

A

Group of similar cells and their extracellular products organised to perform a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define an organ

A

an organ must include 2 or more types of tissues, that work together to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define an organ system

A

An organ system involves multiple organs that work together to coordinate activities for the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is skeletal muscle an organ?

A

An organ must include 2 or more types of tissues, that
work together to perform a specific function.
Each muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue,
connective tissue (e.g. tendon), is innervated by
nervous tissue, and has a rich supply of blood
(includes epithelial tissue).
A “skeletal muscle” therefore is an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is bone, like a cervical vertebrae an organ?

A

Bones are organs; although they consists primarily of osseous (connective) tissue, bones have a vast supply of nervous tissue, fibrous tissue lining their cavaties, and muscle and epithelial tissue in their blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Protect other tissues, binds together tissues, storage of fats and minerals, support organs structurally and functionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cells do connective tissues consist of?

A

Mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

allows tissues to= stretch and return to shape. They are interwoven with collagen, appear wavy and are smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are collagen fibres?

A

strong and stretch- resistant
the most abundant in the body
high tensile strength
long unbranching & flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose eg. adipose tissue

Dense - Regular, Irregular and Elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline - most common and covers articular ends
Fibrous - resists compression eg. pubic symphysis
Elastic - web like mesh, highly flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact - forms the hard outside of the bone

Cancellous (spongey) - within the interior of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the role of osteoprogenitor cells in bone

A

They are located in the periosteum and endosteum and differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and osteoid whilst osteocytes maintain the ECM. Whilst white blood cells differentiate into osteoclasts, which reabsorb bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two type of fluid connective tissue?

A

Blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the name of the space that surround chondrocytes in cartilage?
Lacuna
26
What is the function of epithelial tissues?
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands, the internal and external lining of many organs and body tubes
27
What is the form/ cellularity of epithelial tissue?
``` densely packed minimal ECM free apical surface basal surface is attached to underlying connective tissue via a basement membrane avascular richly innervated high regeneration capacity ```
28
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Responsible for movement and support of body parts, movment of materials within the body and temperature regulation
29
What are the three muscle tissue types?
Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac
30
What does a muscle cell contain?
Many nuclei Myofibrils Myofilaments
31
What are myofilaments
protein filaments within the cell thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments aligned in contractile units (sacromeres) that function to provide mechanical work
32
What are myofilaments
protein filaments within the cell thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments aligned in contractile units (sacromeres) that function to provide mechanical work
33
What are the properties of a muscle organ?
Contractility: ability to shorten and thicken, and develop tension Excitability: ability to respond to appropriate stimuli Extensibility: ability to be stretched without damage Elasticity: ability to store some energy, and recoil to the resting length
34
What is the function of neural tissue?
Receives, transmits and integrates information to control body activities
35
What are the two types of neural cells?
Neurons and glial cells
36
What is a motor unit
1 motorneuron, its motor axon and all of the muscle fibres it innervates
37
What is the difference between stress and strain?
Stress is force over area and thus has units, whilst strain is the extension over the original length and has no units (expressed as a percentage)
38
What are the different types of forces that can be applied?
Compression Bending Torsion Shear
39
Describe the load-deformation curve for bone
The elastic region where the Pa rises lineally until the yield point. At the yield point the Pa is no longer rising lineally, until it reaches the plastic region where permanent damage occurs. It then reaches its ultimate load and the Pa drops off dramatically until ultimate deformation or failure occurs
40
Define elasticity and viscoelasticity
Elasticity - the ability of a solid to recover its shape when the deforming forces are removed Viscoelasticity - materials for which the relationship between stress and strain depends on time
41
Define creep and stress relaxation
Creep - if the stress is held constant the strain increases with time Relaxation - if strain is held constant, stress decreases with time
42
What is hooke's law?
deformation is proportional to the applied stress up to a certain point. this point is called the elastic limit. beyond this point additional stresses will cause permanent deformation
43
How do bones adapt to applied bending?
resorption and formation occurs in an ellipsoidal formation which increases the cross-sectional moment of intertia, making the bone more resistant to bending
44
How do bones respond to being loaded in torsion?
Failure is more likely to occur in areas with a thinner outershell. As a result the cross-sectional area will increase by reformation and thus better resist torsion
45
How does repetitive loading affect bone?
In most materials, repeated loading of a specimen at stresses lower than failure stress, can cause fracture. This is caused by failure fatigue
46
How does the growth in length of bones occur?
It occurs through endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plates which is a temporary disc of hyaline cartilage
47
What are the zones of endochondral ossification?
``` Zone of resting cartilage Zone of proliferation Zone of maturation Zone of provisional calcification Zone of regression Zone of ossification Zone of resorption ```
48
How does load bearing exercise affect tendons?
They become stiffer
49
What is an apophysis?
a natural swelling, projection or outgrowth of an organ or part such as the process of a vertebra
50
What type of tendon injury is more common in children vs adults?
Children - avulsion | Adults - mid-substance failure
51
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
inflamation of the synovial membrane that lines the inside of the joint capsule and produces the synovial fluid
52
what is osteoarthitis?
degeneration of the articular cartilage
53
How does periosteal and epiphyseal growth differ?
periosteal growth is appositonal and increases in width. This is slow and continues throughout life to increase bone diameter Epipshyseal growth is longitudinal and increases width. This growth usually occurs around the end of a bone diaphysis and ends when epiphyseal fusion occurs.
54
What are some features of post-natal development and maturation of the skeleton?
separate ossification centres grow and fuse to adult form sex charactistics on bones develop teeth and paranasal sinuses give shape and size to face neck elongates, increasing mobility of the head upper limb more developed at birth thorax changes shape - circular vs oval cross-section ribs change from horizontal to oblique secondary curves develop on vertebral column cubitus valgus increases genu varum, then genu valgum are normal phases cortical drift
55
How does articular cartilage respond to exercise?
It does not increase in mass in response to exercise, however it may atrophy with a lack of exercise or loading
56
How does articular cartilage respond to damage?
Articular cartilage is avascular, so it does not repair well especially when a rapid supply of nutrients is needed to recover
57
How does aging affect the vertebral column?
ossification of ligaments osteoporosis = loss of height and increased curvature
58
What is the function of tendons?
transmit force from muscle to bone absorb, store and release energy power amplification protect muscle from damage
59
How do energy storage tendons differ from regular tendons?
Eg. achilles and patellar tendon increased elasticity and fatigue resistance contributes significantly to total body work
60
What is energy buffering and amplification in tendons?
Buffer - during jump landing or walking down a hill, the tendon lengthens to prevent eccentric muscle damage Amplifier - during stance, achilles tendon slowly stores and quickly releases energy during push-off to propel to the next step
61
How do we determine tendon stiffness?
From tendon strain (ultrasound) and angle joint torque (strain gauge)
62
How do mechanical properties of a tendon affect muscle output?
A more compliant tendon requires a higher level of muscle contraction before force is generated around a joint There is a delay between the activation of a muscle and its production of force - the electro-mechanical delay A more compliant tendon = greater electro-mechanical delay, less force transmitted for given change in length
63
What are the effects of age on muscle?
reduction in muscle mass (sarcopenia) reduction in number and size of muscle fibres (atrophy) neuromuscular changes - reduction in capacity to detect infor and activate muscles - motor units remodel can be partially offset by resistance exercise
64
What are the effects of exercise on tendons?
can induce tendon hypertrophy and increase tendon stiffness type and intensity of exercise can impact the effects time-course varies > de-training
65
What are the mechanics of ligament injury?
ligaments fail when tensile loads exceed capacity often awkward positions of landing joint dislocation is often associated with ligament damage abnormal motion between bony articulation predisposes to articular damage
66
what are the grades of ligament injury
Grade 1 - damage to some collagen fibres Grade 2 - more extensive number of fibres damaged Grade 3 - complete rupture
67
How do ligaments heal?
Tri-phasic response | inflamation, proliferation and remodelling
68
how do the mechanical properties of ligaments change during healing?
decreased stiffness decreased load at failure altered site of failure the entire ligament is weakened
69
What are the 5 mechanical mechanisms of tendon injury?
1. excessive force 2. repeated overload 3. normal forces applied to a weakened tendon 4. stress-shielding 5. forces applied in an alternative direction
70
define: perimysium epimysium endomysium
perimysium - groups muscle fibres into a fascicle epimysium - fibrous tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle endomysium - surround each muscle fibre
71
What influences individual muscle force (N)?
``` muscle architecture, muscle length muscle fibre length, pennation angle, PSCA specific tension - fibre type number/discharge rate of motorunits type of contraction passive force ```
72
What is PCSA
Physiological cros-sectional area Muscle volume over fibre length
73
What is the muscle length-tension relationship?
Fibre length changes with contraction and joint angle. This impacts the muscle's ability to produce force as fillaments can be too close or too far apart to generate force efficiently. Optimal length-tension relationship will produce the most force
74
What is specific tension?
the maximum force exerted by the fibres per unit of PSCA higher in type II muscle fibres
75
What is Henneman's size principle?
small motor units are recruited first. With greater excitatory input the number of motor units increase and the size of the recruited motor units increases. Assumption: motor units within the same pool receive the same drive Increased drive = more motor units and bigger motor units
76
How does the type of contraction affect force?
an eccentrically contracting muscle can produce more force at the same muscle length than a concentrically contracting muscle eccentric contractions have a higher torque for the same motor drive
77
What is the force-velocity relationship?
As filaments slide past each other faster, fewer cross-bridges are able to attach and generate force. As the relative filament velocity decreases, more cross bridges have time to attach and generate force
78
What is Hill's Mechanical model?
Muscle tendon units are made up of: contractile component - muscle fibres, actin and myosin cross-bridges Series elastic component - intracellular titin, tendon Parallel elastic component - connective tissue, epimysium and perimysium, endomysium and passive cross bridge connections Total muscle force = ACTIVE + PASSIVE TENSION
79
For the same amount of neural drive which will produce the most force A - A muscle that is shortening quickly B - a muscle that is lengthening C- a muscle that is maintaining its length D - a muscle that is shortening slowly
B - a muscle that is lengthening (eccentric contaction)
80
What is muscle tone?
refers to muscle mechanical properties and the muscle's response to stimuli 'a slight constant tension of healthy muscles'
81
What is hypertonia?
High muscle tone associated with pain and increased collagen content in the connective tissue matrix causes long term contracture > muscle shortening > reduced joint range of motion > bone deformities causes reduced muscle volume
82
What is hypotonia?
low muscle tone very little or no dystrophin is produce, thus little muscle force can be produced muscle weakness, fatigue, wasting and muscle shortening occurs
83
What is sarcopenia?
loss of lean body mass and muscle weakness associated with advancing age Over 35 yrs old = 1-2% per year over 60yrs old = 3% per year
84
What changes occur to muscle tissue during ageing?
- satelite cells reduce their ability to repair injured muscle through loss of numbers and function - muscle fibres decreases in number and size - fibre types move from predominately slow-twitch - myofillament reduce their maximal force, elasticity and myosin content - mitochondria numbers are reduced and lose enzyme content - adipose tissue increases both intra-muscularly and inter-muscularly - excitation-contraction coupling is disrupted and deficits in calcium release occur

ANAT2029 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions