Tissues and Terminology

Question 1

Describe the Anatomical Position.

Answer 1

The body facing forward, feet pointed forward, with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointed outwards. Arms are positioned down to the sides and legs are straight.

Question 2

Why is the Anatomical Position important?

Answer 2

It gives a clear way to describe the body positioning and movement. This is vital as it provides a consistent description across all medical study.

Question 3

What are the three anatomical planes?

Answer 3

The three anatomical planes are the Sagittal Plane, the Coronal Plane, and the Transverse (or Horizontal) Plane.

Question 4

Define the Sagittal Plane.

Answer 4

The Sagittal Plane divides the body into left and right sections.

Question 5

Define the Coronal Plane.

Answer 5

The Coronal Plane divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) sections.

Question 6

Define Midsagittal.

Answer 6

The Sagittal Plane, when shown in the exact median (middle) of the body, dividing it into full right and full left sides.

Question 7

Define Midclavicular.

Answer 7

The Sagittal Plane, when the Midsagittal is again divided in two equal portions. The Midclavicular, as it sounds, is usually in the middle of the clavicle on the typical human body.

Question 8

When it comes to left and right in anatomical terminology, do they refer to the doctor’s perception of left and right or the patient’s?

Answer 8

Left and right always refer to the patient’s perception of left and right.

Question 9

Define Superior.

Answer 9

Superior means above, or higher than something.

Question 10

Define Inferior.

Answer 10

Inferior means below, or lower than something.

Question 11

Define Anterior and give a synonymous term.

Answer 11

The Anterior is the front of the patient. It can also be known as Ventral.

Question 12

Define Posterior and give a synonymous term.

Answer 12

The Posterior is the back of the patient. It can also be known as Dorsal.

Question 13

Define Median.

Answer 13

Median means the midline, or the middle.

Question 14

Define Unilateral.

Answer 14

Any symptoms described as Unilateral only occur on one side.

Question 15

Define Bilateral.

Answer 15

Any symptoms described as Bilateral occur on both sides.

Question 16

Define Ipsilateral.

Answer 16

Ipsilateral means that all symptoms only occur on one side.

Question 17

Define Contralateral.

Answer 17

Contralateral means that symptoms are occuring on both or opposite sides.

Question 18

Define Prone.

Answer 18

When the patient is lying on their front side (anterior or ventral) and exposing their back side (posterior or dorsal).

Question 19

Define Supine and give a synonymous term for it.

Answer 19

When the patient is lying on their back side (posterior or dorsal) and exposing the front side (anterior or ventral). It can also be known as Recumbent.

Question 20

Define Parietal.

Answer 20

Parietal refers to the outer serous membrane of the pleura. It can also be used in relation to the parietal lobe or bone.

Question 21

Define Visceral.

Answer 21

Visceral refers to the inner serous membrane of the pleura.

Question 22

Define Intermediate.

Answer 22

Intermediate refers to something that is “between”, or located between two things.

Question 23

Define Trunk.

Answer 23

The Trunk is the part of the body that remains when the head and limbs are not counted.

Question 24

Define Superficial.

Answer 24

Superficial describes something being on the skin, or close to the surface of the skin.

Question 25

Define Deep/Internal.

Answer 25

Deep/Internal describes something being deep within the body, further from the surface of the skin.

Question 26

Name the body's cavities.

Answer 26

1. Cranial 2. Spinal 3. Thoracic 4. Abdominal 5. Abdominopelvic 6. Pelvic

Question 27

Name the Dorsal cavities.

Answer 27

Cranial and Spinal.

Question 28

Name the Ventral cavities.

Answer 28

Thoracic, Abdominal, Abdominopelvic, and Pelvic.

Question 29

Define Plantar.

Answer 29

Plantar refers to the sole of the foot.

Question 30

Describe Flexion and Extension movements.

Answer 30

Flexion decreases the angle between bones. Extension increases the angle between bones. They typically move in the sagittal plane.

Question 31

Describe Abduction and Adduction movements.

Answer 31

Abduction moves structure away from the midline. Adduction moves structure towards the midline. They typically move in the coronal plane, with the exception of thumbs.

Question 32

Describe Elevation and Depression movements.

Answer 32

Elevation moves structure upwards (superiorly). Depression moves structure downwards (inferiorly).

Question 33

Describe Lateral Rotation and Medial Rotation.

Answer 33

Lateral Rotation rotates structure away from midline. Medial Rotation rotates structure towards midline. They typically move in the coronal plane.

Question 34

Describe Protraction and Retraction movements.

Answer 34

Protraction moves the scapula anterolaterally (forward and outward). Retraction moves the scapula posteomedially (backward and inward).

Question 35

Describe Pronation and Supination movements.

Answer 35

Pronation is the rotation of the radius over the ulna in a medial direction, leaving the thumbs pointed medially and the palms facing the posterior. Supination is the rotation of the radius back over the ulna in a lateral direction, leaving the thumbs pointed laterally and the palms facing the anterior.

Question 36

Describe Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion movements.

Question 37

Describe Inversion and Eversion movements.

Answer 37

Inversion is where the sole turns towards the median. Eversion is where the sole turns away from the median.

Question 38

Describe Opposition and Reposition movements.

Answer 38

Opposition is where the thumb moves to meet another finger. Remember - humans have OPPOSable thumbs. Reposition is where the thumb returns to anatomical position from Opposition.

Question 39

Name the types of tissues.

Answer 39

1. Connective 2. Epithelial 3. Muscle 4. Nerve

Question 40

State the characteristics of Connective tissue.

Question 41

State the characteristics of Epithelial tissue.

Question 42

State the characteristics of Muscle tissue.

Question 43

State the characteristics of Nerve tissue.