Tissues and Structures Flashcards
Another name for tension lines is?
Langer lines
Deep fascia passes freely over bone ? True / false
False
The scapula is part of the appendicular skeleton? True / False
True (appendicular skeleton = bones of the limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles)
Give an example of a synovial joint
Knee
Give two examples of a fibrous joint
Cranial sutures, tibiofibular syndesmosis
Give two examples of a cartilaginous joint
Hip joint, intervertebral disc
Haversian system is in compact or trabecular bone?
Compact
Give an example of an irregular bone?
Facial bones (irregular - not a short, flat or long bone)
Bones are derived from what embryonic tissue?
Mesenchyme
Give an example of a plane joint
AC joint
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow
Give an example of a saddle joint
Carpometacarpal (MCP) joint of thumb
Give an example of a condyloid joint
MCPJ (knuckles)
What is Hiltons law?
The nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments.
The synovial membrane is highly innervated? True / false
False (the fibrous layers of the joint capsule are highly innervated)
The origin of a muscle is at the proximal or distal end?
Proximal
The insertion of a muscle is at the proximal or distal end?
Distal
Explain isotonic vs isometric muscle contraction
Isotonic = remains the same length (e.g. works to overcome gravity). Isometric = changes length (e.g,. movement)
Explain concentric vs eccentric contraction
Concentric = contraction to shorten muscle, eccentric = controlled relaxation while exerting force
What is the structural unit of muscle?
Skeletal striated muscle cell
What is the functional (motor unit) of muscle?
Motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls. Motor neuron can control a small number or hundreds of muscle fibers (e.g. thigh)
Define a prime mover?
Main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement o f the body
What is a fixator muscle?
Stabilises distal part of the body with isometric contraction while proximal parts are moving
What is a synergist?
Compliments prime mover by providing assistance / support
The nerve supplying muscle usually arises from the (deep / tendon /superficial) aspect
Deep (with a few exceptions) - nerve is deep to protect from injury. Exceptions
Striated skeletal muscles can divide? (true / false)
False. New muscle fibers are derived from satellite cells
Skeletal muscle is stimulated by the (somatic / autonomic) nervous system
Somatic
Smooth muscle cells in the uetrine wall (increase / decrease) in size and (increase/decrease) in number
Both size and number increase
Smooth muscle cells can be regenerated from ____________
Pericytes
Three layers of blood vessels and tissues making up these
Tunica intima (epithelial cells), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica adventitia (connective tissue)
Example of true terminal artery
Retina
What is the blood volume of arteries compared to veins?
20% in arteries, 80% in veins
Describe drainage of R) lymphatic duct
Right superior side of thorax, head, neck and upper limb. Drains into R) venous angle between R) subclavian vein and R) internal jugular vein
Describe drainage of L) lymphatic duct
L) side thorax, inferior R) thorax, both limbs, groin, head, neck and upper limb. Drains into L) venous angle between L) subclavian vein and L) internal jugular vein
Describe purpose of lymphatic system in absorption of nutrients
Lymphatic capilliaries in intestines transport lipid and lipid soluble vitamins
Skeletal muscle is controlled by multipolar / pseudounipolar neurons?
Multipolar (motor = multipolar)
Sensory neurons are multipolar / pseudounipolar neurons?
Pseudounipolar (sensory)
Nerve cell bodies lie within grey/white matter
Grey (no myelin)
Spinal nerve roots - anterior controls (motor / sensory)?
Anterior = ventral = “vehicle” = motor
Spinal nerve roots - posteror controls (motor / sensory)?
Posterior = dorsal (not ventral = vehicle) = sensory
Posterior rami of spinal nerves have overlapping dermatomes / myotomes?
False (they do not travel through a plexus e..g cervical, brachial, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus)
